of IT in SMEs

Nowadays, rapid changes in information technology (IT) force enterprises to adapt new developments. IT is critical to the success of most businesses especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). In recent years, the information technologies are started to be used frequently by SMEs in Turkey but unfortunately the usage has not reached to desired levels yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the purposes of the IT usage in SMEs and put forward the key factors affecting the level of their IT usage. To be able to evaluate the IT usage, a survey questionnaire was prepared and conducted to 112 SMEs in Istanbul. Data were analyzed by Descriptive, Independent T-Test, One-Way ANOVA and Multiple Regression Analyses. Findings are almost consistent with the previous researches. The study states that most of SMEs uses IT for their basic needs but they show the tendency to use it for more advanced activities. Moreover, there are significant differences in the IT usage of the companies operating in different sectors. The study also highlights that strong IT infrastructure, higher number of workers, giving importance to IT training, finding more purposes to use IT, and functioning in IT sector are important factors that positively affect IT usage.


Introduction
In information societies which consist of developed and developing countries, economic priorities are given to information production and usage.Information technology (IT) is critical to the success of most businesses.Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are among the most dynamic actors with their quick adaptation skills on both taking decision and implementation, and at this point they are at a more advantageous place with regard to their competitors.But unfortunately, they are generally not using IT fully in their business activities.In recent years, there has been a widespread interest in understanding the factors that affect IT usage in SMEs.Maguire et al. (2007) indicated that SMEs can gain competitive advantage through the use of information and communications technology.The key variables and challenges facing organizations in harnessing information and communications technology for growth are discussed in recent researches (Matthews, 2007;Bayo-Moriones and Lera-Lopez, 2007).According to Esselaar et al. (2007) the use of information and communications technology increases the labor productivity.Süygün (2007) pointed out that competitors are one of the important external factors considered by SMEs in IT adoption.IT usage increases company's competitive advantages as well as its efficiency in international market.Moreover, IT training given to employees has positive effect on IT usage of employees.IT can be used to support the business relation with suppliers and customers.External, organizational, and technological factors are investigated by Ang et al. (2001) to put forward their impact on the use of IT to support total quality management.In respect of the research made by Kutlu and Özturan (2008), the increased use of IT in SMEs is Communications of the IBIMA 2 mainly for operational and routine tasks, positive attitude of managers produce high levels of success in IT adoption, and expected benefits of IT is one of the main factors for IT implementation decisions.
A number of authors confirm that business value from SMEs adopting the Internet and Internet related technologies is growing day by day.The main issues and barriers with regard to the level of Internet and ecommerce adoption and activity are investigated by Stansfield and Grant (2003).Kula and Tatoğlu (2003) demonstrated that reasons for internet usage of SMEs are mostly for external communication and gathering information for market and product research.According to Lohrke et al. (2006) an important benefit of the internet usage is reducing SMEs' transaction costs.In another research (Koh and Maguire, 2004) e-business and knowledge management approaches used by SMEs in the UK are investigated.Findings showed that they have increasingly applied e-business activities but knowledge management is a relatively new concept and most of them do not use knowledge management applications.In the research by Kaynak et al. (2005) the factors on e-business and ecommerce information technology adoption decisions made by SMEs are investigated.
In Turkey SMEs are very important businesses, because an important percentage of Turkish economy is formed with SMEs.But unfortunately, there is not enough research about IT usage of SMEs.In order to promote their IT usage level, it is important to understand the determinanats and key variables of IT usage.The objective of this study is to investigate these factors and determine their level of influence on IT usage in SMEs.In Section 1, a brief review of the literature survey on IT usage is given.Section 2 covers the research methodologies used in the study.The results of the analyses are presented and discussed in Section 3 and, finally conclusions and some recommendations are put forward in Section 4.

Methodology
The objective of this study is to find out the important purposes SMEs are using ITs and investigate how some general characteristics of the companies together with their IT infrastructures and IT perspectives change with their IT usage level.Under the guideline of the literature survey, some general characteristics of the companies, IT infrastructures, IT perspectives, IT training approaches, sectors, IT usage aims and IT usage level in terms of internet usage, web page usage and software usage levels are taken into account as the variables of the study.The data were gathered using a questionnaire.
The questionnaire included 40 questions of which 3 were open ended such as company's annual giro, company age, company size (number of worker).There was 1 closed ended question for the company's sector (textile, machine, food, construction, IT, and others).To describe IT infrastructure of company there were 5 questions; IT usage year, number of computers, intranet usage (yes/no), corporate mail ownership (yes/no), and web site ownership (yes/no).The following 9 questions were grouped under two headings such as company's IT training approach (1 question about the importance of the IT training given to employees), and importance of IT usage aims (reduce cost, improve competitiveness, time saving, improve product and service quality, improve sales, improve overall productivity of the company, provide data security and integrity, increase customer satisfaction).All of these 9 questions were 5-point Likert scale (5: Strongly agree, 1: Strongly disagree).In some analysis, to be able to specify a single variable for IT usage aims, the average of the related questions were calculated.
In order to measure IT usage of a company, internet usage level, web page usage level and software usage level of that company may be evaluated.For this reason, there were three groups of questions related to these components.Internet usage level component includes 7 questions about the frequency of internet usage for different purposes (banking, e-mail, e-commerce, advertising, market research, training, and news).Web page usage level component included 7 different purposes (advertising, image enhancement, e-commerce, order activities, customer relationship, vendor relationship, international market relationship) of having a web site and questions were related to the frequencies of their usage.Software usage level component included 8 questions about the frequency of software (MS Office, B2B and B2C applications, accounting programs, ERP applications, CRM applications, CAD/CAM applications, database applications and functional IT applications) usage.All of these 22 questions were 5point Likert scale (5: most often, 1: never).Three group averages were calculated and assigned to internet usage level, web page usage level and software usage level variables respectively.To obtain a single variable for IT usage the average of these three components was calculated.In some analyses internet usage level, web page usage level and software usage level variables were used separately as target variables.However in two analyses, IT usage variable was used as a single target variable.
The survey was conducted in spring 2009 to 180 different SMEs located in Istanbul.112 questionnaires were returned.During the sample size selection process, great importance was given to obtain variety in company size and company sector such as textile, machine, food, construction, IT, and others.Questionnaires were answered by only one authorized employee from each company.Collected data were entered to SPSS 17.0 for further statistical analysis.
The following analyses were applied to the data.
• Descriptive Statistics for the variables of the study.
• Independent Samples T-Test in order to analyze the relationship between IT usage and company's characteristics.For this purpose, separate analyses were conducted on the internet usage, web page usage and software usage levels of companies having different IT infrastructure characteristics.

Hypothesis:
o There are no statistically significant differences in the internet usage, web page usage, and software usage levels between companies using intranet and companies not using intranet.o There are no statistically significant differences in the internet usage, web page usage, and software usage levels between companies having corporate mail and companies not having corporate mail.o There are no statistically significant differences in the internet usage, web page usage, and software usage levels between companies having web site and companies not having web site.
• One-Way ANOVA Test to differentiate IT usage among sectors.Therefore, a one-way ANOVA test was conducted on IT usage of the companies functioning in different sectors.If significant differences are to be found, the Tukey HSD multiple comparison test is to be used to determine differences between sectors.

Hypothesis:
o There are no statistically significant differences in the IT usage between companies functioning in different sectors.Additionally, they also benefit from the accounting applications and functional IT applications.As it is understood from these results, most of SMEs in Turkey uses IT for their basic needs which are required to continue their business.More advanced activities like enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, ecommerce, and international market relationship are not used extensively.In all the following analyses the significance level was selected as 0.05.

Independent Samples T-Test:
The results are summarized as follows.
• There are no significant differences in the web page usage level between companies using intranet and companies not using intranet.However, there are significant differences in the internet usage level and software usage level between companies using intranet and companies not using intranet.(Table 2) Communications of the IBIMA 6 • There are significant differences in the internet usage level, web page usage level and software usage level between companies having corporate mail and companies not having corporate mail.(Table 3) • There are significant differences in the internet usage level, web page usage level and software usage level between companies having web site and companies not having web site.(Table 4) The results show that SMEs having strong IT infrastructure have higher levels of IT usage with respect to internet, web page and software usage.
One-Way ANOVA Test: According to the ANOVA results shown in Table 5 there are significant differences in the IT usage of the companies in different sectors.• There are significant differences in IT usage of companies functioning in Food sector and those in IT sector.
• There are significant differences in IT usage of companies functioning in Construction sector and those in IT sector.
• There are significant differences in IT usage of companies functioning in IT sector and those in other sectors.

Conclusions
The present study examines the important factors influencing the IT usage of SMEs.The data were collected through a questionnaire that was conducted in Istanbul.
Some of the findings of the study are parallel with the views of the previous researches.According to the results of the conducted analyses: • SMEs mostly use information technologies in order to save time, increase efficiency of the company as well as simplify preserving, maintaining and processing data.
• They are aware of the importance of IT usage.They feel that they have to use information technologies to be able to survive in their market and reach the same position with their competitors.• IT infrastructure of the companies is an important factor determining the usage levels of internet, web page and software.As it is expected, companies having strong IT infrastructure in terms of intranet usage, web site ownership and corporate mail ownership, have higher level of internet, software and mail usage.
• Addition to the strong IT infrastructure, the number of workers, giving importance to IT training, finding more purposes to use IT, and functioning in IT sector are other important variables in explaining high level of IT usage.
• Surprisingly, company's annual giro, company age, IT usage year and number of computers used in the company do not have any effect of the IT usage level.
As conclusion, small and medium sized enterprises have been showing more concern for information technologies day by day.Despite of using IT in a basic level, they show a tendency to improve their businesses by investing on new technologies.IT infrastructure, IT training, and having more reasons to use IT, play key roles to their IT usage level.For this reason, SMEs should be motivated and supported to improve their IT infrastructure and use IT in their business activities more frequently.Additionally, more attention should be given to their IT training.All these efforts will contribute to reach the information society level.
The study has an obvious limitation, which may be addressed in the future studies.The sample was obtained from Istanbul.In order to generalize the findings for SMEs in Turkey, the sample may be collected from various cities.

Table 1 :
Descriptive statistics for variables of the study

Table 2 :
The t-test results for companies using intranet and companies not using intranet

Table 3 :
The t-test results for companies having corporate mail and companies not having corporate mail

Table 4 :
The t-test results for companies having web site and companies not having web site

Table 5 :
ANOVA table for IT usage

Table 6 :
Tukey HSD multiple comparison between group pairs

Table 7 :
Model summary and ANOVA b table