Mobile Commerce Adoption in North American Organizations : An Empirical Study of Organizational Factors

In recent years, the shift from 2G/2.5G to 3G or 4G technologies has allowed for higher data transfers. In addition to these advancements, smart phones have opened up new ways to promote products and services. As a result, organizations have invested heavily in mobile shopping channels to disseminate content and promote their goods and services (Liu and Liou, 2011). Mobile commerce (mcommerce) can be viewed as electronic transactions that are conducted through the use of mobile devices such as cellular phones and other mobile devices (Jessup and Valacich, 2007) including tablet PCs. Tiwari and Buse (2007) have defined it as any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobiles’ access to computer-mediated networks with the help of mobile device. Abstract


Introduction
In recent years, the shift from 2G/2.5G to 3G or 4G technologies has allowed for higher data transfers.In addition to these advancements, smart phones have opened up new ways to promote products and services.As a result, organizations have invested heavily in mobile shopping channels to disseminate content and promote their goods and services (Liu and Liou, 2011).Mobile commerce (m-commerce) can be viewed as electronic transactions that are conducted through the use of mobile devices such as cellular phones and other mobile devices (Jessup and Valacich, 2007) including tablet PCs.Tiwari and Buse (2007) have defined it as any transaction, involving the transfer of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) figures suggest that mobile subscriptions worldwide have surpassed 6 billion in 2011 and 7 billion in 2014 (ITUa, 2014).Developing countries are leading the way in acquiring mobile phone services.The availability of mobile phone services, the cost of acquiring a device and subscription and the inaccessibility to traditional fixed line service are the major reasons for this surge in mobile subscriptions (ITUa, 2014).On top of that, developed countries are found to be ahead in using 3G and 4G technologies which allow higher data transfer rates.Higher data transfer rates are important for downloading data and video rich content to mobile phones.These new technologies clearly present new opportunities to businesses in those countries as customers are positive about adopting new technologies.In fact, GSMA predicts that about 53% of total mobile subscriptions will use either 3G or 4G networks by 2017 to access data through their mobile devices.Data access needs are mostly driven by the increased penetration of smart phones and tablet PCs that allows users to download data-hungry applications through 3G or 4G networks (GSMA, 2013).Gartner's predictions in 2010 suggested that the majority of mobile devices allow users to browse the Internet and install applications to enhance user experience (Gartner, 2010).Statistics have also shown that even though fixed telephone line subscriptions have dropped from 48 to 41% in these countries, they are ahead in terms of having access to internet.Another interesting fact is that there are 84 mobilebroadband subscriptions per every 100 inhabitants by early 2014 (ITUb, 2014).These figures clearly outline opportunities for businesses in developed countries and prompt the need to develop mobile interface, participate in m-commerce and promote their products and services.
M-commerce provides flexible accessibility by allowing users to access the same content that can be accessed through personal computer (Jessup and Valacich, 2007).As mobile devices can be carried anywhere, they provides access to the Internet indefinitely as long as there is a service offered by mobile service provider, Internet Wi-Fi service provided locally or by another mobile device through tethering option (Valacich and Schneider, 2014).Uninterrupted Internet access facilitates users to carry out online transactions without the need to use desktop computers.Recent advancements such as Near Field Communication (NFC) allows users to store their credit card details and make payments using their mobile wallet saving from the need to carry several cards such as credit card, membership cards, and loyalty cards (Woodward, 2011).
The introduction of m-commerce is attracting a lot of attention from organizations to promote and sell their products and services online.Therefore, we trust that a clear understanding of the influencing factors mentioned in this paper can help organizations predict their preparedness for adopting m-commerce.This research utilizes publicly available data collected from 1182 IT and non-IT professionals working in the North American region.
In what follows, we first present a literature review on the use of mcommerce around the world including North America and relevant models that help predict organizations' m-commerce preparedness in Section II.We then present our hypotheses in Section III with supporting evidence.The methodology is presented in Section IV, followed by the discussion in Section V.The conclusion, research implications, and limitations of the research are provided in Section VI.

M-commerce
Valacich and Schneider (2014) have defined m-commerce as the means of conducting transaction through the use of mobile devices over wireless networks.Tiwari and Buse (2007) have defined mcommerce as any type of transactions involving transfer of goods and services through the use of mobile devices.Interestingly, researchers considered m-commerce as the subset of broader ecommerce because of the way transactions are conducted through mobile devices which simulate the desktop environment and allows users to complete several transactions (Valacich and Schneider, 2014).In recent years, there is an explosive growth in the use of mobile devices, such as mobile phones and tablet PCs with the Internet browsing capability.Therefore, Feng et al. (2006) argued that m-commerce can be considered an extension of ecommerce as it has the ability to offer a new business model with different usage patterns and interaction styles.Mcommerce business model offers mobility and reachability as mobile devices can be carried easily and can be connected to the Internet through mobile service providers (Haque, 2004;Li and Yeh, 2010;Liu and Liou, 2011).Interestingly, most of the studies related to m-commerce adoption are focused on consumers' intention to adopt new technology, and there is a lack of research in identifying what factors influence organizations to adopt mcommerce.According to Schwalbe (2014) adoption of new technology is dependent on organization's commitment to allocate sufficient budgets and continuous support to the project team.Identifying the possible factors and their influence on business outcomes can help organizations commit on the m-commerce adoption.Therefore, this paper attempts to identify critical success factors that can help predict organizations' preparedness to adopt mcommerce.

M-commerce in North America and around the world
Ericsson's mobility report stated that by early 2014, there were about 6.8 billion mobile subscriptions around the world, which is 120 million more compared to the previous quarter.During the same time, the global mobile penetration reached 93 percent, and interestingly, 35 % are associated with smart phones.This report also revealed that developing countries in Asia particularly India, China, Indonesia, Thailand and Bangladesh are the major contributors to this explosive growth.Ericsson's report predicts that worldwide mobile subscriptions will reach 9.2 billion by the end of 2019 (Ericsson, 2014).Asia pacific region leads the way in terms of both connections and subscribers, representing just below 50% of the total connections (GSMA, 2013).
According to Forrester research, mobile payments have reached more than US$12.8 billion and are expected to grow by about 600% by the end of 2017 (Siwicki, 2013).However, factors such as mobile device cost, affordability, service availability, local government regulations and service providers' preparedness to offer value added services may influence individuals' intention to acquire mobile subscription and use mobile based services.Falling prices, availability of disposable income, lack of economically viable alternatives and availability of new technologies with significant infrastructure are the major drivers for growth in mobile subscription rates.However, the nature of growth is different in developed markets such as in North America and Europe (GSMA, 2013).
It is predicted that North America will top the list of NFC usage by 2016.NFC allows mobile devices to exchange data allowing consumers to make payments by waving a smartphone with a NFC-enabled device (Woodward, 2011).A survey of more than 100 retailers indicates that e-commerce powerhouses such as Amazon and eBay are using mobile phones as a way to provide convenience and brand loyalty.It is also revealed that 20% of respondents believe that mobile transactions have increased from 16 to 20% in 2012 (Ross, 2013).Adyen, a multi-channel payment solutions provider revealed that there was 27% growth worldwide in mobile transactions mobile payments in 2013, while mobile payments in North American region have surged to 16.6% during the same time.The majority of mobile payments were to purchase travel related products including airfares, retail, ticketing, gaming and other digital goods (Adyen, 2013).______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Srimannarayana Grandhi and Santoso Wibowo (2016), Communications of the IBIMA, DOI: 10.5171/2016.682007

Factor influencing the adoption of mcommerce
M-commerce is considered an extension or a subset of e-commerce (Tiwari and Buse, 2007).Initially, there may be a small group of "innovators", who would be willing to adopt new technologies.Usually early adaptors are the ones who may gain competitive advantage, whereas laggards lose out the benefits and the competitive advantage early adaptors enjoyed (Valacich and Schneider, 2014).
Mobile technologies are proven to be an important tool for organizations to market their products and services and establish communication with their customers (Haque, 2004).
Formulation of mcommerce strategies can help organizations benefit from these new technologies (Thompson et al., 2010).Similarly, organizations' perception and commitment (Carr, 2003), perceived business benefits can generate interest among businesses about mobile technologies and influence the adoption of mobile technologies (Lee, 2009), however understanding of m-commerce inhibitors and features (Wei and Ozok, 2005) offered by these technologies can help justify the need for mobile technologies.
Consumers' preparedness to accept new technologies can be a strong indicator for m-commerce adoption by organizations (Bruner and Kumar, 2003).In order to gain an understanding of the factors affecting m-commerce adoption, several models including Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) Technology Acceptance model (TAM), Diffusion of Innovation model (DOI), Unified Theory of Acceptance and use of Technology (UTAUT) and Motivational Model are examined (Lala, 2014).Although there are several models, research suggests that TAM and DOI are the most common models used to determine the possibilities of m-commerce adoption, e-commerce, Internet banking, online shopping and online learning (Ashraf et al., 2014;Sulistiyaningsih et al., 2014).Also, mcommerce is considered a subset or an extension of e-commerce and has several similar characteristics.Hence, TAM and DOI can be used to predict organizations' preparedness to adopt m-commerce.
TAM model is based on information systems theory and suggests that when customers are offered with new technology, then factors such as when to use and how to use can influence their intention to use that technology.In fact, consumers' motivation to adopt new technology can be understood through factors such as perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and their attitude (Lala, 2014).Davis (1986) suggested that perceived ease of use can lead to behavioral modification to adopt new technology and use.Therefore, the growth in the use of mobile devices for online activities can be perceived as an opportunity for organizations to modify their behavior and subsequently adopt mcommerce.According to Rogers (2003), innovation can be through a new idea, a practice or a product.Diffusion can be explained as a process of communicating innovation through specific channels.Through unique characteristics, mobile technologies can create value through chain of activities in operations, procurement, marketing and sales (Picoto et al., 2013).DOI lays out steps for innovation and adoption of new technologies, which can be used for mcommerce.DOI is a multi-stage approach allows organizations to analyze adoption process thoroughly and gain insights into the problems that may arise when technology diffusion takes place (Rogers, 2003) understanding and perception about the possible benefits with new technologies such as m-commerce can influence their preparedness to adopt new technologies (Lee, 2009).After all, assessing the value of new technologies and development of business models are based on the assessment of business needs and demands from the users (Valacich and Schneider, 2014).Due to these reasons, TAM and DOI models are used to study critical factors that can help predict organizations' preparedness to adopt mcommerce.

Strategy
Strategy refers to plans developed by the organization to achieve their long term goals.Organizations' vision and mission are the key indicators of their direction, while organizational strategy helps to achieve goals.Therefore, strategy formulation can be viewed as an important step towards achieving goals as it can guide the organization throughout the process (Thompson et al., 2010).The development of an m-commerce strategy usually involves several steps including (a) identifying champions, (b) preparing the organization to commit by clarifying on how m-commerce can support in carrying out core activities, (c) linking technology, (d) aligning mobile strategy to overall strategy, (e) setting realistic timelines, (f) market and integrate loyalty, and (g) capitalize on investments (Khan, 2012).
Research done by Swilley (2012) suggested that organizations are more likely to have m-commerce strategies in a competitive environment and may not show interest in adopting it, if it is solely used to improve relations with customers.Regardless of the reasons, m-commerce allows businesses to offer their products and services conveniently, improve response times and service quality through effective communication (Bang et al., 2013).Although, it would be difficult to measure intangible benefits of m-commerce such as service quality and satisfaction level, they will influence customers decision to continue or return in future.The Internet has proven to be a very important resource, not only for searching but also for buying and selling goods and services (Valacich and Schneider, 2014).Traditionally, communication strategies are based on interruption logic, where customers are not given the choice.In fact, customers' attitudes, interests and their buying behavior can be different from organizations' strategy.Mobile technologies facilitate direct and interactive marketing and allow two way communications to offer products and services based on their interest.As mcommerce offers unlimited possibilities, adopting m-commerce strategy will help organizations to benefit from increased ecommerce activities (Haque, 2004).Therefore, we attempt to understand the preparedness of North American organizations in adopting m-commerce strategy.

H1:
The development of an m-commerce strategy will be positively associated with the organization's intention to adopt mcommerce.

Commitment
Commitment can be the strength of responsibility feeling towards their goals.It plays an important role in adopting mcommerce.Several organizations in the past have adopted m-commerce technology because their competitors had something similar.In reality, this attitude would not provide long term benefits as it may lack commitment from the organization (Carr, 2003).Organizations' perception about possible benefits and risks determines their preparedness to adopt new technologies.Perception about the use of m-commerce can influence management's attitude and behavior (Lee, 2009).Carr (2003) suggested that technology would provide competitive advantage in the early stage, but it would not offer any advantage ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Srimannarayana Grandhi and Santoso Wibowo (2016), Communications of the IBIMA, DOI: 10.5171/2016.682007 when competitors have adopted similar technology.Therefore, mobile strategy needs to be developed after careful assessment of the needs and possible benefits.
Organizations' commitment can be realized through the support offered by the top management.Senior management plays vital role and their strategic decisions influence how their goals can be achieved (Hitt et al., 2013).Zwikael (2008) listed top management support processes which include allowing project manager's involvement from initiation stage, and supporting project team by providing required resources.The implementation of a mobile strategy involves purchasing of software, hardware and acquiring other resources, which involve huge investments.Senior management support is considered vital (Michela et al., 2012) as it authorizes changes and ensures budget allocations.
Without proper resource allocations in the budget, it would prove impractical to implement m-commerce strategy.Sometimes when resources are limited, innovative mobile execution strategies such as shifting resources from low-valueadding activities to high-priority activities can help (Thompson et al., 2010).Top management support is vital for any project as organizational issues are perceived to be given more importance compared to technical issues (Zwikael, 2008).Research also revealed that when employees perceived that they have support from the organization, they would tend to show higher levels of organizational citizenship behavior (Robbins et al., 2011) which can lead to a successful project implementation.As organizations' commitment can ensure successful implementation of m-commerce strategy, allocation of sufficient funds in the budget and promoting products through mobile based applications and increasing sales through m-commerce can support faster implementation.

H2:
Organizations' commitment to adopt m-commerce can be observed through management's actions in formulating budgets and relevant strategies.

Perceived Business Benefits
It is the organisation's perception about the positive outcomes that may be the consequence of changes (Leung, 2013) achieved through the enforcement of new technology.
Mobile technologies have unique characteristics namely portability, user identification, localization and instant connectivity.These characteristics provide value and support businesses in internal operations, procurement, marketing and sales (Picoto et al., 2013).Although mobile channel does not guarantee any specific benefits instantly, growth of mobile subscription and use of smart phones often create opportunities for businesses to promote their products and services.Organizations' preparedness to adopt new technologies is perception dependant, which then influences management's attitude and behavior (Lee, 2009).As a result, it may lean towards adopting mcommerce strategy.Research also revealed that perceived benefits have influence over attitudes towards using m-commerce as a strategy (Khan, 2012).Some of the perceived benefits of mcommerce include its ability to allow businesses to reach new customers in different geographic regions through relevant mobile network service providers (Picoto et al., 2013).As these customers are connected to one of the mobile cell towers, it is easy to identify their exact location and offer location-specific solutions.Search engines, such as Google identifies the user's location and present location specific search results to the users (Google, 2014).This approach opens up new opportunities for businesses to promote relevant products and services in a timely manner through search engines or offer these directly through mobile network service providers.Some of the value-added services offered to customers include real-time comparison of different products in terms of cost and features.Mobile cell towers maintain constant communication with mobile phones registered in that area and these statistics can be used to identify facts such as customers' precise location and their Communications of the IBIMA ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Srimannarayana Grandhi and Santoso Wibowo (2016), Communications of the IBIMA, DOI: 10.5171/2016.682007interests (Picoto, 2011).In fact, organizations can find out about the number of customers situated in a specific location and their search behavior for promoting their products and services to that geographically separated group in the form of 'flash sales'.UK online wine retailer Vente-privee.comhas adopted this approach to improve wine sales on their website (McKenna, 2014).This approach is also proven to be very popular with supermarkets, where customers are offered spot discounts during lunch time or at a specific time to promote sales.As loyalty programs drive up company sales (Evanschitzky et al., 2012), returning customers can be offered special discounts and issued with electronic vouchers to provide flexibility for their purchases.If the organization has clear understanding of mcommerce use in their environment and knew how to use it, then it would lean towards adopting it.Therefore, we hypothesize that organizations' understanding/perception is a key driver towards m-commerce adoption.

H3: Perception of business benefits positively influences
Organizations' intention to adopt m-commerce.

Inhibitors
Inhibitors are the factors which influence organizations' decisions negatively (King, Grover & Hufnagel, 1989).Some of the inhibitors of m-commerce are (a) compliance concerns, (b) lack of direction, (c) poor knowledge of financial implications including return on investments, (d) consumer perception that m-commerce is immature and therefore it is difficult to use for mobile payments, (e) lack of security standards, (f) unclear mcommerce business models and (g) lack of mobile network in certain areas (Rysavy, 2013).
Regulatory standards are introduced by both state and federal governments in each country (Newman, 2011).Compliance concerns can be seen as an inhibitor, because organizations may feel that it would be beyond their reach and difficult to meet both local state and federal regulatory standards that apply to mcommerce.For example, organizations in North America are required to obey laws including the ones enforced by Federal Trade Commission (FTC, 2000).Jessup and Valacich (2007) explained that business models indicate how an organization would promote its products and services, offer value added services, target customers and generate revenue.These models also reveal their preparedness, strengths and strategies to achieve their goals.Adopting new business model would require reengineering of current processes (Thompson et al., 2010).Researchers also pointed out that it would be necessary to undergo business process reengineering prior to adopting new technologies as it can facilitate alignment between corporate capabilities and market opportunities that can help achieve growth (Michela et al., 2012).
The introduction of new technologies can assist organizations to improve its capabilities.However, employees may resist new technology due to fear of job losses.Involving relevant stakeholders including employees can also help to minimize resistance (Valacich and Schneider, 2014).
Consumer perception about the use of mcommerce certainly influences their decision to use (Picoto et al., 2013).Design aesthetics may also lead to customer loyalty and builds trust (Cyr et al., 2006;Li and Yeh, 2010).While interface design plays an important role, policies relating to privacy and security can help customers to understand their rights.IDC report on mobile trends revealed that there are several technologies to develop a mobile platform, but it is important to develop a platform that can be used by a range of mobile devices with different mobile operating systems (IDC, 2013).In addition to these, it is mandatory to make financial assessment of future projects as this knowledge can assist in predicting financial implications and avoiding undesirable consequences.
Technical feasibility is another study that can be used by organizations to identify the possibilities to use existing infrastructure (Schwalbe, 2014).Without addressing the challenges, it would be difficult to proceed with ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Srimannarayana Grandhi and Santoso Wibowo (2016), Communications of the IBIMA, DOI: 10.5171/2016.682007adopting m-commerce strategy as it may not guarantee positive outcomes.

Features
Features refer to distinctive characteristics or attributes or m-commerce sites.It is important for organizations to determine what contents need to be displayed on their homepage as they will lead to their competitive advantages.Al-Khalifa (2013) suggested that a good interface with navigation, relevant content and technical aspects are quality determinants of mobile websites.In fact, the user-friendly environment can accelerate the adoption of m-commerce (Wei and Ozok, 2005).While site search option and images allow users to search for a specific product and differentiate it from other products (Nielsen and Tahir, 2002), presenting other features such as customer reviews and stock levels in different stores would be helpful in purchase decisions (Valacich and Schneider, 2014).Perceived usefulness and ease of use will influence consumers' decision to engage in m-commerce activities (Moshkovich, 2013).Other features such as shopping cart, online support through click-to-call, store locator, choice to make comparisons between products features and price and gift registry can influence customers' intention to return.Special offers and loyalty bonus can also improve customer retention rates and help reduce customer turnover (Peng et al., 2013).In addition to these, value added services such as mobile wallet which is a downloadable application that can be used to make payments can actually add flexibility and convenience to customers.NFC allows the installation of credit card chip or details on to a mobile device, which can be waved at the check-out readers to make payments, which in turn may encourage customers to participate in mcommerce activities (Moshkovich, 2013).Research also suggests that design aesthetics lead to loyalty in m-commerce as the success of m-commerce is dependent on consumer acceptance (Cyr et al., 2006).In fact, design aesthetics act as a tool for developing trust and gaining customer attention (Li and Yeh, 2010).

H5:
Mobile interface with specific features can improve customer experience and encourage their participation in mcommerce activities.

Sample and procedure
Literature review forms the basis for this research model.The conceptual model in Fig. 1 below shows the key factors including (a) strategy, (b) organization's commitment, (c) perceived business benefits, (d) inhibitors and (e) features that may influence the organizations readiness to adopt m-commerce.More detailed demographics are presented in Table 1 below.

Scale reliability and factor analysis
The reliability of the questionnaire was tested using Cronbach's alpha.The reliability coefficients (α) for the data set are shown in Table 2.The reliability coefficients (α) of all independent variables are above 0.70, thus confirming that the items used to measure the constructs are reliable (Hair et al., 2006).In order to test the validity of the constructs, factor analysis is applied.The model consists of variables that are catered towards m-commerce adoption.Furthermore, some of the items adapted were not studied in North America.Therefore, exploratory factor analysis is applied instead of confirmatory factor analysis (Chong and Ooi, 2008).Principal component analysis is chosen to evaluate if the items are linked to their underlying factors.Table 3 shows the results.
Factor loading of 0.50 was used as a cut-off point as suggested by Hair et al. (2006).Factors which have eigenvalues of less than one are considered insignificant and are therefore disregarded (Chong and Ooi, 2008).Based on Table 3, all items have a factor loading of more than 0.50, thus confirming that these constructs are unidimensional and factorially distinct, and the items used to operationalize the constructs are all loaded onto a single factor (Teo, 2001).

Intercorrelation matrix
This section presents an intercorrelation matrix for the demographic profiles of the  4, it is shown that size of the organization and service-related type of industry are positively correlated (r=0.25).This implies that larger organizations in the samples tend to be more prepared for adopting m-commerce.The results show that service-related industries to adopt m-commerce based on strategy (r=0.12) and perceived business benefits (r=0.16).In terms of the size of the organizations, large organizations feel that strategy (r=0.13) and perceived business benefits (r=0.21) are important aspects in m-commerce adoption.

Hypotheses testing
To test the research hypotheses, hierarchical regression analysis was used.The method is suitable as it allows the examination of the effects of the control variables and the independent variables separately.Multicollinearity of data was tested using VIF and Tolerance.All the independent variables have VIF values of less than 10, and Tolerance values of more than 0.10, thus ensuring that the data did not suffer from multicollinearity.The dependent variable also has skewness and kurtosis values between −1.0 and +1.0, thus ensuring that the data used in the study are normally distributed.
In step 1 of the hierarchical regression analysis, demographic variables were entered to examine their effects on the organizations' preparedness to adopt mcommerce.In step 2, the adoption factors are entered and allow the examination of any increase in explained variance over that contributed by the demographic variables (Teo, 2001).The results are shown in Table 5.

Discussion
Summary of major findings are presented in this section to provide clarity on factors for determining North American organizations' preparedness to adopt mcommerce in the near future.Almost all of the results obtained in the previous section supported established hypotheses except one.Results revealed that organizations' size to some extent can be a good predictor about their preparedness.Interestingly, organizations' perception and commitment has no relationship to their interest in adopting m-commerce.Schwalbe (2014) suggests that organizations' perception about the future benefits plays a role in choosing project.However, the results contradict with the view of Hitt et al (2013) and Zwikael (2008).It may be because organizations tend to select projects that meet current priorities and often provide measurable outcomes (Schwalbe, 2014).
Strategy is found to be the most significant predictor of m-commerce adoption by organizations, as strategy is developed after careful analysis of both internal and external environments including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Thompson et al., 2010).Results are consistent with the literature and suggest that organizations' strategy can hint their preparedness to adopt m-commerce, but it does not indicate their commitment level or implementation timelines.Based on the TAM model, usefulness and perceived ease of use are the two influencing factors for deciding whether to use the technology (Davis, 1986;Mahatanankoon and Vila-Ruiz, 2007).The results also support that customers' perception about the mcommerce benefits will influence organizations' intention to adopt mcommerce.Mobile device users in North America are ahead of others in using new technologies such as NFC to make payments through mobile devices (Adyen, 2013).In fact their increased participation in m-commerce certainly offers new hopes to organizations that are willing to adopt m-commerce.compliance concerns can slowdown mcommerce adoption.Findings also suggest the relevance between these inhibitors and organizations' preparedness to adopt mcommerce strategy.Easily navigable mobile interface allows users to complete online transactions with little effort.As there are different mobile operating systems, it is important for organizations to adopt an interface that can work the same regardless of the operating system.In addition to this, adopting standard features such as search option, store locator and online chat can encourage customer participation (Peng et al., 2013).Research also suggests that design aesthetics can lead to loyalty in m-commerce (Cyr et al., 2006) as they include value-added services such as NFC that can offer more flexibility to customers.

Conclusion, Implications and Limitations
Based on research findings, we offer specific conclusions and suggestions for the adoption of m-commerce to reach more customers and improve their profits through sales.Firstly, as strategies are developed after rigorous analysis of both internal and external environmental factors, the adoption of m-commerce strategy clearly indicates their preparedness.Secondly, organizations' perception and their commitment predict their preparedness, but organizations may tend to choose projects that may deliver measurable outcomes.However, these variables can generate interest leading to feasibility study, ultimately resulting in the adoption of m-commerce.
Thirdly, organizations' perception about the possible benefits can have significant impact on organizations' decision to adopt m-commerce.However, users' perception may also influence the organization's preparedness to adopt m-commerce because users may be able to avail these services from others, if not offered by their current provider.Developing and adopting cross-platform interface with standard features, product or service images and information along with terms, conditions and policies can improve transparency and develop trust, which can influence individuals to purchase and promote by word of mouth, online blogs and social networking websites.Finally, we found out that organizations need to pay special attention to understanding the inhibitors for m-commerce adoption in their organizations as they can slow down the adoption process.
This study offers several implications.There is a significant increase in use of smart phones and other mobile devices because of increased affordability and new technologies.This research investigated the factors that can help predict the adoption of m-commerce by North American organizations.The results suggest that the factors such as strategy, perception and commitment, perceived business benefits, inhibitors and features of m-commerce have a significant relationship with decisions to adopt mcommerce.The results also suggest that organizations' strategy, their customers' perception about the use of m-commerce, inhibitors and interface design features have significant influence on organizations' preparedness to join m-commerce.
This study is based on secondary data and the development of a model that can be used to predict organizations' preparedness to adopt m-commerce by studying and exploring the interrelationships between strategy, perception and commitment, perceived business benefits, inhibitors and interface design.Based on these results, several suggestions are made to support the organizations' preparedness in adopting mcommerce.Despite its contributions, this study is not free from limitations.One limitation is its research setting, which was restricted to only predicting m-commerce adoption for North American organizations.Thus, the empirical findings should be interpreted as primarily applicable to organizations in North America.Future research could extend the current study to m-commerce adoption around the world to improve the external validity and to examine the differences across heterogeneous social and cultural segments.Another limitation is that this ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ new technologies such as m-commerce.DOI helps to understand the conditions that will have an impact on adopting a new product, ideas or practices in a specific culture.Research done by Ball et al. (2014) stated the reasons why consumers tend to adopt new ideas.Rogers (1995) explained that innovation occurs trough four stages namely (a) invention, (b) diffusion, (c) time and (d) consequences.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: M-commerce influencing factors This research utilizes publicly available secondary data that were initially collected and published online by InformationWeek under the survey name "InformationWeek and Mobile Commerce World Commerce Survey".Upon receiving an email invitation, this online survey was completed by 1182 qualified Communications of the IBIMA ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________ Srimannarayana Grandhi and Santoso Wibowo (2016), Communications of the IBIMA, DOI: 10.5171/2016.682007organizations and the m-commerce activities.Based on Table

______________Srimannarayana
Grandhi and Santoso Wibowo (2016), Communications of the IBIMA, DOI: 10.5171/2016.682007study examines few of several important factors.Future studies can consider measuring the diffusion of m-commerce across time, and investigate if the adoption factors change at various stages of consumer diffusion of m-commerce.