Empirical Results of Predicting the Relationship between Value, Attitude, and Intention to Quit as an Entrepreneur

Entrepreneurship is one of the important factors in supporting the economy of the country. Experience shows that the economic crisis of a country can be overcome by the strong entrepreneurship in the country. Therefore, entrepreneurship is one important topic that is not only related to practices but also with theory. Related with research and related to entrepreneurship, a lot of research has been done to test students' intentions to become entrepreneurs. In particular, much research on entrepreneurship has been done to explore and predict the various factors that influence teenagers' intentions to become entrepreneurs. However, little research has been done to understand teenagers' intention to quit as entrepreneurs, especially in the context of Indonesian youth. Young entrepreneurs have inherent characteristics such as lack of experience, skill, and some of them are mentally unstable in their work, just as easily as changing their jobs. Therefore, understanding the intention to quit among young entrepreneurs not only can contribute in the entrepreneurial literature, but also can support the Indonesian government, academia, and businessmen themselves in understanding and creating ways to make young entrepreneurs maintain entrepreneurship. Thus, this study aims to predict the relationship between personal value and the intention to quit as entrepreneurs with attitudes towards entrepreneurship as an intermediary variable in the context of young entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Respondents were 150 students collected from a private university in Tangerang, Indonesia. Respondents were collected by purposive sampling technique. Before the data were analyzed by using structural equation modeling (SEM), the reliability and validity of the indicator had been checked first. The results of the analysis show that the relationship between personal values (i.e. instrumental and terminal values) and attitudes is not significant, but attitudes have a significant impact on the intention to quit as entrepreneurs. This paper provides data analysis, discussion of findings and direction for further research.


Introduction
Youth is one key element in a nation. Understanding youth and all things related to youth is important since youth will become leaders of a nation in the future. Entrepreneurship is one activity that attracts young people. Specifically, studies show that the main attraction for young people to become entrepreneurs is self-employment that has the potential to create jobs, significant financial rewards, prestige, and others. Many studies have been conducted in predicting and understanding the intentions of youth to become an entrepreneur (e.g. Ozaralli  Intention to leave or quit is a condition when a person does not feel comfortable and does not enjoy their jobs or works. Intention to quit may happen to entrepreneurs when those entrepreneurs have difficulties and problems with their business. Especially for young entrepreneurs, intention to quit as an entrepreneur is one solution that they can easily consider when they encounter problems. Many researches have been conducted in understanding the intention to leave in the context of organization and companies Young and tough entrepreneurs are especially needed for Indonesia as a developing country. The resilience of young entrepreneurs is expected to be able to survive in creating jobs and will have an impact on the improvement of the nation's economy. Predicting the intention to quit for young entrepreneurs in empirical studies is one way to understand the toughness of young entrepreneurs whose some of their common traits are being more unstable and sometimes easier to give up. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the relationship between personal values and intention to quit, with the entrepreneur who has an attitude toward entrepreneurship as a mediating variable. Personal values will be measured by applying terminal and instrumental values as proposed by Rokeach (1973

Entrepreneurial Intention
Intention is a motivation to engage the behavior in the future (Blackwell, Miniard, & Engel, 2006 People's intention can be influenced by many factors. Attitude theories such as; the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1988) and the theory of trying (Bagozzi) show that two main antecedent variables of people's intention are attitude and subjective norms. This research applied the value-attitudebehavior hierarchy that was developed by Homer and Kahle (1988). In other words, this hierarchy shows that personal values influence people's behavior indirectly through attitude.

Attitude
An attitude is defined as a learned predisposition to behave in a consistently favorable or unfavorable way toward a given object (Schiffman & Wisenblit, 2015, p.172). Attitude is considered as one main variable in explaining people variable in which attitude can be divided into three dimensions: cognitive (i.e., belief), affective (i.e., feel), and conative (i.e., intention).
Attitudes can be explained into two main types in people behavior perspectives (Blackwell et al., 2006). The first type is attitude toward the object (Ao). Ao represents a consumers' evaluation toward objects such as products, brands, or services. The second type is attitude toward the behavior (Ab). It represents an evaluation of performing a particular behavior such as buying or doing something. As Ab focuses on performing behavior, then it can be stated that Ab is strongly related to behavioral intention (Blackwell et al., 2006). Thus, this research applied the concept of Ab in predicting people's intention.

Values
Personal values are one significant variable in explaining people's attitude and behavior. This research developed a model that pictures the relationship between personal values (that is, instrumental and terminal values) and attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur. It is predicted that there will be a positive relationship between these two types of values toward attitude and the potential of becoming an entrepreneur. Attitude theories show that the stronger the attitude of a person, the stronger the intention to perform a behavior. Since this research focuses on the intention to quit as an entrepreneur, this negative relationship between attitude and intention to quit is predicted.

Source: developed for this research (2017)
Hypotheses: H1: Instrumental values will be positively related to attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur. H2: Terminal values will be positively related to attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur. H3: Attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur will be negatively related to intention to quit as an entrepreneur.

Sample and Sampling Design
The target population covered in this research was undergraduate students who are small and medium business entrepreneurs and who live in Jakarta and Tangerang. The sample size of 150 was set for this research. This research applied purposive sampling. In particular, only students who have their own business within the past year period can be a respondent of this study.

Survey
Data were collected a self-administrated questionnaire and was collected in one month period. The questionnaires were delivered to respondents by the researcher and research assistants. This method was chosen because this method gives flexible time for respondents to answer the questionnaire. To appreciate respondents' time, a pen was given to respondents in order to appreciate their participation in this research.

Measures and the Goodness of Measures
This study applied multi-item scales that were adapted from previous studies to measure constructs in this research model.  (2016) pointed out that reliability analysis is making sure that the instrument is consistently measuring the concept that is measured. This analysis applies the examinations of Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha and item-to-total correlations (Churchill, 1979). After having done with reliability checking, validity analysis is conducted to assess how well the instrument measures the particular concept (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). Construct validity is applied in this research through the assessment of convergent and discriminant validity. Discriminant validity of the applied constructs was tested by assessing correlations between constructs (Bagozzi et al., 1991). Specifically, discriminant validity was achieved when the factor correlations were significantly different from one another.

Analysis Data
After the research data was examined to confirm that the data are realible and valid, a structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the relationship between constructs. SEM predicts the relationships among the latent variables and encompasses two components: a measurement model and a structural model (Schreiber et al., 2006).

Respondents' Profile
A total of 120 questionnaires were returned out of 150 distributed. Eight questionnaires were eliminated due to being incomplete. Hence, 112 valid/correct questionnaires were obtained, yielding a response rate of 74.6%. The profile of the sample reveals that males constituted about 55 per cent of the sample. Those between 18-20 years old represent 70.5% of the sample, and most of them (78.6%) have experience as entrepreneurs for about a year.

Descriptive Statistics, Reliability, and Validity
The means, standard deviations, and correlations for terminal values, instrumental values, attitude, and intention to quit are shown in Table 1. The table also shows that a positive relationship at 0.01 has been found among personal values, attitude, and intention. However, no significant relationship has been found between religious values and attitude, and religious values and intention   (Churchill, 1979) as shown in Table 2. Two items of the research questionnaire (one from instrumental values and one from attitude) were excluded because the item-to-total correlation was below 0.4.  next year (Int1) -I plan to no longer be an entrepreneur in the next year (Int2) 0.755 -I will try to quit becoming an entrepreneur within year (Int3) 0.738 Validity analysis refers to how well the instrument measures the particular concept (Sekaran & Bougie, 2016). Construct validity is applied in this research through the assessment of convergent and discriminant validity. Discriminant validity of the applied constructs was tested by assessing correlations between constructs (Bagozzi & Yi, 1991). Specifically, discriminant validity was achieved when the factor correlations were significantly different from one another.  (Table  3). Table 3 shows that the factor loadings are statistically significant indicating that convergent validity was achieved.

Structural Equation Modeling
Structural equation modelling was applied to validate the proposed model ( Figure 1). The structural equation analysis was conducted in two main steps: the estimation of the measuring model (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA) and the estimation of the structural model. The measurement model focuses on the link between factors and their measured variables. Furthermore, the relationship between the constructs was assessed in the structural model. CFA using maximum likelihood method was performed to assess the measurement model ( Table 4). The results show a marginal-fit model (GFI = 0.784, CFI = 0.867, RMR = 0.055, CMIN/DF= 1.781). Table 5 shows the parameter estimated for structural paths.   Table 5 shows that all path estimates were found not to be statistically significant except the path between attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur and intention to quit (H3). Those two hypotheses that are not significant are the relationship between terminal values and attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur (H1) and the relationship between instrumental values and attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur (H2).

Conclusion
This research is motivated by the need to understand the relationship between personal values and attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur, and the relationship between attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur and intention to quit as an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs' supports, especially young entrepreneurs, will no doubt have a positive impact on the nation's economy. However, young entrepreneurs need to continue to be given attention, nurtured, and supported by the government and the society so that they become a formidable businessman who can create jobs for many people and can have a positive impact on the environment, society, and nation.
We believe that our study adds to the understanding of the determinants of intention to quit among youth entrepreneurs. Specifically, this research found that personal values (i.e., terminal and instrumental values) have no significant relationship with young entrepreneurs' attitude but their positive attitude toward being entrepreneur has a negative significant relationship with their intention to quit as entrepreneurs. Understanding entrepreneurship, especially the knowledge of the factors that explain entrepreneurial intention to quit are indispensable for practical and theory matter.

Limitations and Recommendation for Further Research
The main objectives of this study are to predict the relationship between personal values (i.e. terminal and instrumental values) and attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur, and the relationship between attitude toward becoming an entrepreneur and intention to quit as an entrepreneur. There are two main limitations of this study. First, this research applied students who are young entrepreneurs as research respondents. Specifically, this research tests the fit of the model within a single university in Indonesia. Thus, the results of this study were limited to this sample. Furthermore, generalization cannot be made to Indonesian youth. In relation with this, further research should attempt to replicate this research to a wide array of settings and populations.
Second, this research applied cross-sectional survey data to test the hypotheses. On the other hand, cross-sectional survey data reflects that respondents are recorded only one time. Therefore, the results only infer the temporal relationship between variables and not the causality among variables. Thus, it is recommended that future studies utilize a longitudinal study.