Smart Grid Concept as a Perspective for The Development of Ukrainian Energy Platform

The article analyzes the prospects for the development of the energy industry in Ukraine and the world with the Smart Grid technology use. A model of the Smart Grid concept was built, which consists of the principles of construction, key requirements (values), functional properties (attributes), and basic elements of their implementation. It was proposed to consider the expected effects of the implementation of the Smart Grid concept depending on the group of stakeholders: energy companies, end users, regulating bodies and the state and society as a whole. The integral indicator for assessing the development of renewable energy sources in Ukraine for the period of 2007-2017 was calculated on the basis of the author's methodology, and appropriate conclusions were made on the need to introduce renewable energy sources in order to balance and reduce energy dependence on external energy sources.


Introduction
Today, Ukraine has set a course for European integration, including the policy of efficient energy consumption. This requires a revision of the traditional approaches, principles and mechanisms of functioning of the electric power industry, the formation of a modern concept of its innovation development, which corresponds to the values of social development, and to the fullest extent takes into account the main tendencies and directions of scientific and technological progress in all areas, areas of life and activity of society. Experts believe that modernization of power grids will have a positive effect on the economic development of Ukraine and will allow expanding the price range of services for consumers, reducing or avoiding operating costs for the electricity grid, and increasing energy efficiency through better access of energy from renewable resources to the electricity grid.
According to experts of Zpryme Research & Consulting, the volume of investments in the global market of intelligent networks (Smart Grid) in 2030 will amount to 2 trillion US dollars. But for an "intelligent" network, structural modernization of the entire energy platform is necessary, it includes: the structure of electricity supply and consumption, changes in world view regarding management decisions when adopting projects aimed at improving energy efficiency, reducing energy intensity of production -using the concept of stakeholders and the like. One of the concepts of innovative power industry transformation is the Smart Grid -these are electrical grids that meet the requirements of efficient and reliable operation of the power system. This is achieved through the coordinated management and organization of two-way communications between the elements of electrical networks, power stations, accumulating sources and consumers. The issue of developing renewable energy sources is of particular relevance in Ukraine.Literature Survey Today there are many theoretical studies in the field of renewable energy resources. But for the statistical study of this issue, scientific developments in the following areas are important namely approaches to the classification of energy resources (Chang, R. D., Zuo, J., Zhao, Z. Y., Zillante, G., Gan, X. L., & Soebarto, V. (2017)), the feasibility of using different methods for the analysis and evaluation of the renewable energy resources development (Chen,  In the stakeholder concept, when building a Stakeholder Panel in the field of environmental responsibility, the statistical indicators of RER development are calculated based on non-financial reporting of companies: energy intensity (G4-EN5 indicators), reduction of energy consumption (G4-EN6), reduction of energy demand of sold products or services (G4-EN7 Abusorrah, A (2017)). It is based on the concept of a cognitive map, which is a model of representations and knowledge of experts about the laws of development and the properties of the situation, which is analysed in the form of elementary semantic categories, which are in ratio. A cognitive map can be represented in the form of a directed graph.
Integrated evaluation of the renewable energy resources development is used in evaluating energy security at macro, mesoand micro-levels.

Methods
When calculating the integral indicator of the evaluation of the renewable energy resources development, the normalization of indicators has been used based on the variation scale, while the calculation of the integral index itself has used the multidimensional mean and matrix modelling. A multidimensional mean is an integrated evaluation of an object in a multidimensional space. Because the parameters of the information space, based on which the multidimensional mean is calculated, are represented by different dimension units, the standardization procedure (or normalization) is used. Matrix modelling as a method of linguistic and cognitive research has been used in our research to determine the relationship between the quantitative values of the Harrington scale and the perception of the state of the renewable energy resources development. Also, elements of the linguistic and cognitive study have been used in concluding the effectiveness of management of the renewable energy resources development.

Results
The Smart Grid technologies can provide optimal distribution of power flows of electric power system, reducing losses in it, fast coordinated response in case of accidents, the possibility of combining both large power plants and modern renewable energy sources into a single power grid. The effectiveness of technology is determined by the automation of decisionmaking management, which will increas the efficiency of managing normal and emergency modes. The creation of such a system is a necessity that is caused by many factors such as: substantial complication of the tasks of structural organization and management in the electric power industry under reforming conditions, the growing demand for energy services in their quantitative and qualitative form, changin the status of the consumer as an active subject of organizational and economic relations, new requirements for environmental, social and institutional type of energy. At the same time, it is possible to group the main factors influencing the need for fundamental changes in the energy management system when making management decisions influenced by the introduction of new technologies into 5 groups of factors (Table 1)

Таble 1: Main factors of influence when making management decisions in the energy management system
No.
Factor description Sub-factor 1 Factors for increasing the requirements of consumers requirements for high quality services; requirements for information transparency of the system of relations between the subjects of electric power markets; expectation of reducing the price parameters of industry services.

2
Factors of technological progress emergence and development of new technologies, devices and materials that can potentially be used in the field of electric power production; general trend towards higher process automation; growth of rates and scales of development of computer and information technologies; intensive growth in the number of small generating (primarily renewable) energy sources in the world.

3
Market change factors economic instability in the country; changes in the internal conditions of the electricity markets; long investment and life cycle of assets and area.

4
Factors for increasing requirements in the field of energy efficiency and environmental safety reduction of environmental impact; the need to improve energy efficiency and energy saving; corporate social responsibility of business.

5
Factors for reducing the reliability of the power system decrease in the general level of power supply reliability; the growing need for massive investment in the renovation of fixed assets; high level of losses in the conversion, transmission and distribution of electricity.
All these factors influence the formation of a group of key values in the energy management system, and there are two approaches to create values. For example, in the Smart Grid, the Departament of Energy (DOE) USA concepts are the following key values [1]: availability, reliability, economy, efficiency, organic interaction with the environment, safetyprevention of situations in the power industry that are dangerous to people and the environment. In the European Union, the key values in the energy management system include [2]: flexibility in terms of responding to changes in consumer needs and emerging problems with electricity supply; availability of electricity for consumers, including renewable energy sources and highly efficient local generation with zero or low losses; power supply reliability and power quality while providing protection from hazards and uncertainty; profitability due to the introduction of innovations, effective management, a rational combination of competition and regulation. The Smart Grid as a concept is a world view of the power industry of the future, based on energy saving and is built on a methodological platform consisting of: principles of construction, key requirements (values), functional properties (attributes), as well as the basis of elements of their implementation (Fig. 1).  The Smart Grid concept model should be based on: technological (scientific and technical progress in the field of energy saving), normative (development of methodological and methodical support of this concept at the national level, informational (informational communications are transformed into a system-inducing factor that ensures the transition from energy to energyinformation system based on informationcommunication and computer technologies) and management (management of both individual elements of the energy information system and the entire system in general).

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Due to the analysis of the statistical information regarding the domestic energy market, it was determined that the alternative energy of Ukraine during the independence period has been developing at an extremely slow pace, and only when the "green" tariff was accepted, it received a new impetus for the renewable energy resources development. Wind energy and solar power (photovoltaics) are the leading areas of alternative energy development in Ukraine, as well as in the world market.
The evaluation needs to be made for the strategies of the renewable energy   Table 3. The scale of desirability is a psychophysical scale, its purpose is to establish a correspondence between physical and psychological parameters, and under physical parameters, one understands the possible indicators that characterize a certain state of the object of optimization, and under the psychological parameters, one understands the subjective importance of such indicators for the functioning of the system as a whole, which is usually set up expertly based on experience and a retrospective analysis of the functioning of the system.   Table 5.  The conclusion on the effectiveness of the management of the renewable energy resources development is formed in accordance with Table 3. Thus, from the conducted research one may conclude that there is a positive status of the evaluation of the renewable energy resources development for Ukraine for the period of 2007-2017, and its positive dynamics are also well seen. But the revival of the situation on the renewable energy resources development in Ukraine since 2015 is connected with the implementation of the Smart Grid concept, it is a world-view of the future power industry, based on energy conservation and built on a methodological platform that consists of: principles of construction, key requirements (values), functional properties (attributes), as well as elements of the basis for their implementation. Pending this, the effects of the implementation of the Smart Grid concept will depend on the group of stakeholders: energy companies (wholesalers of electricity, energy service sales retailers, electricity transmission companies, distribution network companies), endusers (industrial users, commercial users, population), regulatory authorities (state regulatory authorities, wholesale electricity market operators, security regulators), the state and society as a whole.

Discussion
But with any managerial decision, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of its implementation. At the same time, in our opinion, it is possible to conduct an economic evaluation of the effects of the implementation of the Smart Grid concept in the following directions: 1. Environmental effects -it gives a chance to reduce carbon emissions. 2. The effects of reducing the operating and exploitation costs of power companies -it gives a chance to reduce losses in electricity distribution by optimizing power plants and the balance of the grid. 3. Reduced costs for industrial consumers. 4. Effects of improving the quality of service for business customers based on interactive communication with consumers. 5. Improved efficiency and quality of power supply.
6. The effects of increasing the part of the renewable energy resources use and distributed generation.
All of these factors influence the formation of a group of key values in the system of energy management, in which there are two approaches to the creation of values.  , 2006), and the values are as follows: flexibility in terms of response to changing consumer needs and emerging power supply problems; availability of electricity for consumers, in particular renewable energy resources and highly efficient local generation with zero or low losses; reliability of electricity supply and the quality of electricity in providing protection against dangers and uncertainty; profitability through the implementation of innovation, effective management, rational combination of competition and regulation.
With this expectation, the effects of the implementation of the Smart Grid concept depend on the stakeholder group: energy companies (electricity wholesalers, energy service retailers, electricity transmission companies, distribution grid companies), final consumers (industrial, commercial, public), regulators (government regulators, wholesale electricity market operator, reliability regulators) and the state and society as a whole. Thus, end users can expect such effects from the introduction of this concept: the ability to control energy consumption, increase the overall level of service, an increase the reliability of energy supply, an access to information on energy supply in real time, the ability to participate in demand management, optimizing the relationship of generation distribution, and the like. Whereas for energy companies, these anticipated effects are as follows: reduction of electricity losses, a transparent accounting and billing system, optimization of asset management, maintenance and monitoring in real time, etc. In addition, the Smart Grid technology protects against unauthorized selection of electricity and contributes to a longer operation of the equipment through the intelligent organization of the power grid.

Conclusion
The consequences of the global energy crisis, which covered all sectors of the country not only in Ukraine, require the implementation of progressive measures to manage energy-saving technologies for both the government and the entire energy conversion chain: generation, consumption, transportation, redistribution, etc. Systemic implementation of innovative principles of energy management is an integral part of the European vector of integration of the Ukrainian economy.
The implementation of Smart Grid technology will significantly increase the reliability and cost-effectiveness of the functioning and development of Ukraine's grid and improve the quality of customer service. Today, a large number of green energy projects have been launched and operated in Ukraine, and "intelligent" systems for managing the creation, generation, transmission and consumption of energy are being implemented. Despite the risks involved in implementing energysaving projects, the current regulatory framework provides investors with sufficient incentives and mechanisms to ensure the successful implementation and development of Green Grid projects, Smart Grid in Ukraine. Therefore, the issue of "green taxation", providing privileges to both legal entities and individuals, and the implementation of "intelligent" energy monitoring systems with the use of Internet technologies is particularly acute. The normative legal framework itself for the renewable energy resources development in Ukraine is a key issue for motivating agents from power generating, distributing and consuming groups.
Despite the risks and problems of implementing projects of power supply systems based on the use of alternative energy sources, the current regulatory framework provides investors with sufficient incentives and mechanisms to ensure the successful implementation and development of green energy projects in Ukraine. World practice shows that the state is the main initiator of the development of alternative energy, which, on the one hand, establishes the rules for the operation of alternative energy, on the other hand, provides the necessary legal and resource support, including financing and preferential taxation. It is government support for the development of alternative energy in Ukraine that should become one of the main factors in overcoming the energy crisis and improving the mechanism of tax privileges.