Female Directors and Corporate Social Performance of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria

The board objective of any company is the center force that determines its overall performance and the basis for evaluation of the strength and weakness of the company. The efficacy of a board depends largely on the traits and qualities of the personalities of the directors in the boards. This paper, therefore, examines the influence of female directors on corporate social performance of listed deposit money banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. The study comprises 14 banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange at 31st December 2018. A sample size of 10 banks was selected using the Purposive Sampling Technique. Data were obtained from published annual reports of the selected banks for the period of 2010 to 2018. Descriptive statistics and Feasible Generalized Least Square regression (FGLS) were used to analyse data collected. The findings revealed that female board composition, female board expertise and female board independence had a statistically significant positive effect on corporate social responsibility expenditure. The implication of these findings is that the quality of female directors in companies’ boards has the potential to influence the corporate social expenditures of the firms. It also implies that the focus on female representation in the boards alone is inadequate; the quality of women selected must be also considered, to promote a better social performance.


Introduction
Corporate social performance was pronounced in the academic and professional domain after the agitation for global best business practices in line with the sustainability campaign and green initiatives. The agitations were driven towards compelling companies to have a human face in their daily activities by engaging in business activities that will preserve the social state of the human as well as the naturalness of the environment. These arguments were centered on the sustainability theory, green accounting among others. The corporate social performance aspect of this theory centered mostly on corporate social responsibility (CSR) as well as other non-financial parameters for the evaluation of company performance. The adoption of the philosophy of corporate social performance depends largely on the ideologies of the top management of each company, particularly the board. This is because all the activities of a company in terms of management, policies, strategies and vision, depend upon the decision taken at the board. If there is a deficiency in the board, it will flow down to the day-to-day activities of the company, which will have a negative ripple effect on the economy. It is based on these premises that various studies were conducted to determine how various board dynamics influence the corporate social responsibility of firms.
The findings of previous studies revealed that dynamics such as board attributes, ownership structure and; board citizenship, among others, are some of the factors that influence the social performance of firms. From the analysis of the previous studies conducted on board attributes, most studies found a statistically significant relationship between the female gender and the social performance of the firms (Dienes and Velte, 2016;Betz, O'connell & Shepard, 2013;Ciocirlan & Pettersson, 2012). From the various assertions, it will be logical to opine that the presence of women in a corporate board increases the social welfare activity, and thereby, improves the quality of its CSR performance.
As much as this holds true, the circumstance surrounding women in boards will determine the extent to which they will contribute to the quality of the company. Firstly, the composition of the female representation in the board; the activities of the board in decisions and reaching consensus dwell on numbers. The consensus is reached based on the number of votes. If the men representation in the board outnumbers that of women there is no likelihood that women will work to benefit the company because they have been limited by the deficiency of their numbers (Konrad, Kramer & Erkut, 2008). This, therefore, implies that it is not enough to have women in boards; the number of women in such boards is noteworthy. The editorial board of Business day (2020) stated that according to the report of Mckinsey global institute, it was observed that the progress towards gender equality has been stalled and African women lag behind other women in most other regions.
Secondly, the expertise of females in boards is not limited to their educational backgrounds, but also the CSR related managerial experience that will add value to the CSR drive of the management (Yusoff, 2010). Most studies focused on the accounting and financial knowledge of female directors as embedded in their educational backgrounds. The recent evolution in the economic environment is an indication that much more is expected to maximize the worth of a director. Thirdly, the independence of females in board, submissions of various studies showed that the board's independence significantly influences its effectiveness and control of agency cost (Patelli & Prencipe, 2007;Michelon & Parbonetti, 2012). The female gender is caught in the web of independence deficiencies because of their insecurity perspectives and high subjection to the male gender across all spheres of life. Most women in Nigeria due to financial incapabilities and political power, found seats on companies' boards with the help of their male counterparts and as such their decision are usually subjective.
Although most studies have upheld the significance of women on CSR, but however, based on the forgoing, it is evident that it is not enough to have women in boards as proposed by previous studies, but there is need to examine attributes of women in the board of directors to determine whether they significantly contribute to decision making, especially as it relates to social performance. This study focuses specifically on the boards of the listed Nigerian deposit money banks because it is one of the sectors that have a significant contribution to the capitalization of the Nigerian stock market.
The broad objective of this study is to examine female directors in boards and corporate social performance. The study focused on three key components of female board members traits; these includes female directors in board composition, female directors' expertise, and female directors' independence.
The paper is structured into five separate headings and other subheads; these cover the introductory aspect of the study, the review of the literatures and hypotheses development to clarify concepts, and showing interactions between variables in line with previous studies. The third heading is the explanation of data and methods used in the study. The analysis and discussion of findings are explained in the fourth heading and finally, the conclusion and recommendations are outlined in the fifth heading.

Literature Review and Hypotheses Development
The definition of CSP centered mostly on the definitions of Wood's CSP model. Wood (1991) defines CSP as "a business organization's configuration of principles of social responsibility, processes of social responsibility and policies, programs and observable outcomes, as it relates to the firms' societal relationships". Jiang and Yang (2015) also stated that CSP can be evaluated by assessing the social responsiveness processes of the firm to determine how it influences their policies and action plans regarding its actualization. From the definitions, it is obvious that CSP has to do with the firms developing a process that will promote their interactions with stakeholders to ensure an outcome that will be sustainable. This, therefore, implies that CSP cannot be discussed in isolation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in interacting with stakeholders. The firms must ensure an outcome that will positively impact the social and environmental aspects, which depends largely on the CSR activities of the firm (Odetayo, Adeyemi & Sajuyigbe, 2014). This study measured CSP as the total CSR expenditure of a company on its host communities and other philanthropic spending in a given year.
CSR activities of an organization stem from the policies and ideologies of the firm, which can be driven by the philosophy of the owners of the company; such a philosophy actualized by the organs of the company which comprises the board of directors and management. This development made the activities of the board a relevant aspect in the discussion of CSP and CSR. The strategic role of the board involves approving, monitoring, and reviewing strategies at one end, along with a leadership role of establishing the goals and values and setting direction at the other end . This, therefore, implies that the value attributed to a company in terms of its business practices, depends largely on the caliber of individuals that are seated in its board (Daily, Dalton & Cannella, 2003). This study also shares the views of previous authors in this direction, by examining the individual traits of the female on the boards to reveal the value they add to the company's CSR practises from three focal

Theoretical Underpinning
This study is based on the assumptions of the agency, stakeholders and gender socialization theories. It is necessary to hinge this study on a combination of theories because of the peculiarity of the study; and the fact that the component of the study is independently and jointly related. The agency theory, as developed by Jensen (1976), assumes that relationships in a company are likened to principal and agent, where the principal is the owner (provider of capital), while the directors are likened to agents that perform duties according to the mandate of the owners. Here, the directors are expected to perform their duties solely in the interest of the owners. However, the theory stated that because of the conflict of interests, an agency problem arises when the agent pursues his personal interest to the detriment of the interest of the principal which usually leads to the owners incurring agency cost (Sundaram & Inkpen, 2004). This theory applies to this study because the board of directors are the agents that perform a strategic role that involves approving, monitoring, and reviewing strategies at one end, along with leadership role of establishing the goals and values and setting direction at the other end (Ingley, & Van der Walt, 2001). This, therefore, implies that the value attributed to a company in terms of its business practices, and the extent of agency cost they will incur, depends largely on the caliber of individuals that are seated in its board (Daily, Dalton & Cannella, 2003).
The stakeholder theory developed by Freeman (1984) is a theoretical perspective that argues that companies should look beyond the relationships that exists between owners and managers and consider other individuals or groups that may be affected by the activities of the firm; namely, the stakeholders (Freeman & McVea, 2001). The stakeholder theory birthed the corporate social responsibility practices of firms globally and it has become a yardstick for performance evaluation of companies despite the fact that it is regarded as a philanthropic and voluntary action. The significance of this concept in the evaluation of firms has made it part of companies' strategic plan; which is part of the mandate of the board of directors. This study, therefore, predicts that the extent of corporate social performance of a firm is largely determined by the attributes of its board members. The issue of attributes made the injection of the gender socialization theory necessary. Silic-Micanovic (1997) define gender socialization as the process where human in the course of their social interactions are moulded and shaped in a culturally appropriate image of femaleness and maleness. The ideologies of gender socialization emanated from the family system where a child is introduced to the world and the expectation of his/her gender (McHale, Updegraft, Helms-Erikson & Crouter, 2001). The study, therefore, speculates that the peculiarities of the moulding of the female gender can have a significant influence on their relationship with the principal as agents, as well as their relationship with other individuals as stakeholders.

Female board composition and Corporate social performance
Bhagat and Black (2002) describe board composition as a reflection of various levels of heterogeneity. Based on the agency theory, the resource dependency theory and the corporate governance literatures, board composition is measured as the ratio of nonexecutive board members to executive ones and the number of directors in a firm's board. This study however modified the measurement by narrowing it down to the female representation in boards based on the objective of this study. Female board composition is therefore measured in the context of this study as the number of women in company board in proportion to the total number of directors in that board. confirmed that the number of women in a company's board significantly affect its social responsibility practices. Other studies conducted on non-financial evaluation also revealed that women, as part of the board of directors, have a significant impact on the corporate philanthropy of firms (Valls, Martinez, Rambaud & Parra-Oller. 2019;Fodio & Oba, 2012). Studies conducted by Stephenson (2004) and Fernandez-feijoo et. al (2012) also assert that boards with more women have a significant effect on CSR disclosure. However, Stephenson (2004) made a clause to his findings that boards that had up to three women had a significant effect.
There was a divergent submission in the study conducted by Colakoglu, Eryilmaz and Martinez-Ferrero (2020) after enquiring into the antecedents of board diversity on corporate social responsibility using the biggest Turkish companies as their focus. It was found that the ratio of females and foreign board members does not have any significant effect on CSR performance. This finding shows a drift from the normal trend regarding female directors in boards. Similarly, in a study conducted on U.S firms, Manita, Bruna, Dang & Houati (2018) also affirmed that there is no significant relationship between gender diversity and environmental and social governance. Kyaw, Olugbode and Petracci (2017), in a study conducted on CSR across industries and countries, found that although there is a positive relationship between gender diversity and CSR across industries, the effect is more pronounced for firms in emerging markets. The inconclusiveness of the findings and the scepticism that still exists in yielding to the policy of increasing the number of female directors in boards in developing countries, including Nigeria, has further increased the uncertainties. Based on these, it is therefore hypothesized that: Ho1: Female board composition does not significantly affect corporate social performance of listed DMBs in Nigeria

Female Director Expertise and Corporate social performance
Stakeholders are more interested in a board that comprise members that have skills, attributes and dynamics to respond to changes in business models (Barka & Dardour, 2015). Although education has the ability to drive the value system and the perspectives of an individual, the degree of exposure and experiences are also required to address peculiar situations such as social and environmental concerns. Although the previous studies have measured the expertise of directors based on their accounting and financial knowledge (Yusoff, 2010;Dienes & Velte, 2016), this study takes a leap to incorporate the social and environmental work experiences of female in boards. The measurement is done using dummy variable of 1 and 0. If the company board has up to 3 female directors that meet the criteria of accounting or finance experience with 8years environmental and social works experience, it is allotted 1, if not, 0.
Board expertise has been upheld in previous studies as one of the characteristics of board members that affect performance. Yusoff (2010) found, in a study conducted on a Malaysian board that knowledge and educational qualifications are vital components that determine the effectiveness of the boards. Harjoto, Laksmana and Yang (2019); Dienes and Velte (2016); and Yusoff and Amrstrong (2012) also supported the position in various studies conducted, as stating that financial expertise is the most required skill from board members to influence CSR performance. However, Jizi, Salama, Dixon and Stratling (2014) revealed that board members' financial knowhow was indifferent to CSR reporting. The submissions on the significance of the educational and financial expertise on CSP, from previous studies seem inconclusive. Also, the submission of Jizi et.al (2014) is an indication that the knowledge of female directors regarding social and environmental issues should also be considered alongside the educational and financial expertise. This The ideology of board independence in the code of corporate governance is a call for the majority of the board members to be independent from the company. However, it is submitted that the mere compliance with the code is not enough if the board members fail to maximize their independence effectively (Sharifah, Syahrina & Julizaerma, 2016). The female gender has lots of peculiarity when it comes to socialization and interaction with people. This peculiarity is well explained in the gender socialization theory, which is the process where individuals are taught how to socially behave in accordance with their assigned gender which is assigned at birth based on their biological sex. This psychological underpinning calls for a need to examine female directors in boards to ensure that their independence can have a significant influence on companies' social performance. Board independence is mostly measured in terms of the proportion of non-executive directors to the total directors in the board (Das, Dixon and Michael, 2015). So, in a bid to assess the level of independence of females in boards, this study measured female directors' independence as the percentage of nonexecutive female directors to the total nonexecutive directors sitting on a company board. If the percentage is above 25%, FDE = 1, otherwise, FDE = 0 According to previous studies, a positive relationship exists between board independence and corporate social performance (Garcıá-Sańchez & Martinez-Ferrero, 2018;Mallin, Michelon & Raggi, 2013;Jo & Harjoto, 2012). There was a clause in the study conducted by Ortas, Alvarez & Zubeltzu (2017) on the effect of firm board independence on corporate performance using the meta-analytic approach. The study revealed that there is a positive association between board independence and CSP but it is stronger in civil law countries; and the strength of the influence varies significantly in different market condition. Leung, Richardson & Jaggi (2014) studied board independence and firm performance with relation to family ownership concentration in Hong Kong. It was found that board independence is not associated with firm performance in family firms, it but has a positive relationship with non-family firms. Fitriya, Fauzi & Locke (2012) showed that there was a negative and significant association between non-executive directors and firm performance. Michelon and Parbonetti (2012) also found that there is no relationship between independent directors and CSR disclosure among US and European firms. However, the study conducted by Ponnu & Karthigeyan (2010) in Malaysian listed firms, found that there was no association between the variables. The inconsistencies in the submission regarding board independence are an indication that there are underlining factors that determine the independence of directors. The following hypothesis is therefore stated: Ho3: there is no significant association between female board independence and corporate social performance of listed DMBs in Nigeria

Data and Methods
Ex-post facto research design was applied to examine how female directors in boards influence the corporate social performance of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria. The study selected a sample size of 10 out of the population of 14 listed deposit money banks at 31st December 2018 using the Purposive Sampling Technique to purposively select banks that have not merged or discontinued operation during the period of the study. responsibility of Nigerian firms at that time (UNPD, 2010;Ifemeje & Ikpeze, 2012;Daubry, 2020). This is also the rising moments for banks in Nigeria after the global recession period. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. The descriptive statistics shows the mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values including observations. Tests were also conducted to determine the viability and reliability of the data gathered before regression was done. The Hausman test helped to decide on the model that fits for interpretation between the fixed and random effects models.
The model of this study was specified to show the nexus between variables in line with similar studies that were carried out in the study area. This study focused only on the diversity of female in boards. The study modified models stated in studies conducted by Colakoglu, Eryilmaz & Martıńez-Ferrero, 2020;Gennari, 2016;Fodio & Oba, 2012) The a priori expectation based on literatures reviewed and theories is as follows, β1 > 0, β2 > 0, β3 > 0.

Descriptive Statistics
The descriptive statistics result in table 1 shows that on average, listed banks spend a total of ₦398m on CSR expenditure; with a maximum of ₦307m and a minimum of ₦774,000. The outcome of the descriptive statistics indicates that, on average, firms in the deposit money banks have a 17.2% of female representation in the board with a minimum of no female representation and a maximum of 38% female representation in the board of directors. These statistics indicate that the female gender is still marginalized in the boards. The maximum of 38% is an indication that females in the boards cannot have a strong voting power when issues are discussed. On the average, the proportion of female directors in boards is significantly below 20%. This presentation, therefore, implies that a woman cannot properly perform in a board in terms of voting right without the contribution of her male counterparts.  Source: Authors ' Computation using STATA13, (2020).

Correlation
The correlation matrix shows the relationship between the variables. The result also shows the relationship that exists between the independent variables and further shows symptoms of multi-collinearity if any. The result obtained shows that there exists a relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables which signifies that the independent variables can affect the dependent variables. The independent variables are also associated with female board composition and female directors' expertise having a strong relationship (0.7325) which might imply an issue of multi-collinearity. The symptom of multicollinearity may be because the FDE and FDI are indicator variables that represent categorical variables that have two categories. However, the issue of multicollinearity will be determined using Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). The VIF result shows a mean of 1.96 and all of the individual variables have values less than the threshold of 10. This implies that it is safe to retain the variables as they cannot affect the outcome of the regression result. The model of the study is statistically significant at 5% which is indicated by a Prob >; F value of 0.016 and a Wald Chi 2 of 15.27. This clearly indicates that female directors in boards jointly have a significant effect on CSR expenditure. It was revealed from the result obtained that having more female representatives on the board of directors have a positive effect on CSR expenditure and this is statistically significant at 5%. The finding of this study corroborates previous studies conducted in various countries including Nigeria (Garba & Abubakar, 2014;Deschenes, Roubacar, Prud'hommie & Ouedraogo, 2015;Gennari, 2016;Cook & Glass, 2017;Pucheta-Martinez, Bel-Oms, & Olcina-Sempre, 2018) where they all submitted that the presence of women in boards has a significant effect on corporate social performance. The outcome of this study, therefore, implies that the presence of females in boards of directors of listed deposit money banks in Nigeria can influence their corporate social performance especially their corporate social responsibility expenditures.
Analysing the individual component of the traits of the females in boards and corporate social performance using the coefficient, Zscore and P-value as a basis of judgment; it was revealed that female board composition (FBC) had co-eff of 1.25; Z-score 2.20; P=0.028<0.05. This result indicates that FBC has a positively significant effect on corporate social responsibility expenditure of the listed banks. The study posits that it is not enough for women to be in boards, but the number of women should also be considered. This is corroborated in the findings of (Kyaw, Olugbode & Petracci, 2017;Roubacar, Prud'hommie & Ouedraogo, 2015;Gupta, Lam, Sami & Zhou, 2014;Stephenson, 2004) as stated that the positive relationship between gender diversity and CSR is evident in other countries and is more pronounced in firms in emerging markets. Although the descriptive statistics revealed that the percentage of women in the boards of the listed banks in Nigeria, on average, is about 17.2%, the regression result still indicates that they are significant. The literary explanation to that is that women have high potential of influencing the male gender in the boards to follow their bidding on issues that relate to CSP. This result, therefore, indicates that the null hypothesis which earlier stated that female board composition does not significantly affect corporate social performance of the listed DMBs in Nigeria will be rejected.
The result also shows that female director expertise (FDE) has co-eff of 5.19; Z-score 2.57; P=0.01 having a positive significant effect on CSR expenditure. This result point to the fact that the financial as well as social and environmental work experience significantly affect CSP. This implies that an increase in the number of female directors with more years of experience in social and environmental works in addition to the accounting and finance knowledge tend to push CSR spending high. The argument for the wings of expertise to be widened beyond accounting and finance knowledge has been further buttressed by the finding of this study in Nigerian listed DMBs. Although most studies conducted on female board expertise were limited to the accounting knowledge, their findings showed a positive relationship (Yusoff & Amrstrong, 2012;Dienes & Velte, 2016;Harjoto, Laksmana & Yang 2019). This study, however, attempts to include the social and environmental work experience. The finding conforms to Jizi et.al (2014)  should also be considered alongside their educational and financial expertise. This, therefore, implies that the null hypothesis which stated that female director expertise does not affect corporate social performance of the listed DMBs in Nigeria will be rejected.
Furthermore, the result obtained regarding female directors independence showed that female directors independence (FDI) (co-eff 4.35; z-score 2.49; P=0.013<0.05) has a positive significant effect on CSR expenditure. This finding further supports the previous studies which stated that the effectiveness of the board is largely dependent on their level of independence (Ortas, Alvarez & Zubeltzu, 2017;Mallin, Michelon & Raggi, 2013). It can be therefore inferred that in the case of females in boards of directors, the assumption of the gender socialization theory that individuals are taught how to socially behave in accordance with their assigned gender which is assigned at birth based on their biological sex does not hold in the boards.
Although the findings of prior studies, Fitriya, Fauzi and Locke (2012); Michelon and Parbonetti (2012); Ponnu and Karthigeyan (2010) contradicts the finding of this study, where they stated that a negative or an indifferent relationship existed between female gender independence and corporate social performance, this assertion does not, however, hold in the case of the listed DMBs in Nigeria, as it is evident that the independent female directors are seen to be independent of the executive directors and act in the interest of the organization at all time while keeping stakeholders satisfied. As such, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant association between female board independence and corporate social performance of the listed DMBs in Nigeria is rejected.

Policy Implication of the findings
The findings of this study have further confirmed the significance of the female gender in the boards of deposit money banks in Nigeria; as reflected in most developed and developing countries. In the past, the female gender has suffered negligence and discrimination majorly because of the weakness attributed to this gender which has relegated them to the rare positions in administration. There have been various agitations for a gender inclusion method by governance in the private and public sectors. These agitations have birthed various submissions and arguments. One of the schools of thought is the SDG-5 goals developed by the United Nations; whose one of their goal is to urgently eliminate the factors that promote the discrimination against women and maximize their rights in the private and public sector (UN Women, 2020). This drive includes the change of laws and legislations that discriminate against women. Despite the position of the law, the female gender has continued to make a significant positive impact in companies' administration. This, therefore, implies that the call for female inclusion is not sentimental but a wake-up call for owners of companies to maximize the exposed significance of the female gender.
Corporate social responsibility has become global issue; any company that wants to be recognized and highly valued must embrace the ideologies of CSR and integrate it into its strategic plan. This is because the CSR activities of firms have become one of the performance evaluation criteria and yardstick for acceptability in the global market. The female gender exhibits all the traits needed to achieve impactful CSR because of the empathetic nature of the female gender; considering the philanthropic nature of CSR, the female gender is the most suitable class that can help companies achieve their desired goals in this regard. It is therefore logical for companies to leverage on the laws that promote gender equality to include more females in their companies' boards of directors.

Conclusion and Recommendations
The study attempts to provide an in-depth understanding of the effect of female directors in boards on corporate social performance of DMBs in Nigeria. Although previous studies have upheld the significance of the female gender on firm performance and social performances when studying board diversity; there is a need to examine the quality of the females to determine if they possess attributes that can influence the strength of corporate social performance in the boards that they operate in. The corporate social performance of DMBs is measured based on the corporate social responsibility expenditure (CSRexp). The study found that female directors in board jointly have a significant effect on CSRexp. Individually, the results revealed that female board composition, female director expertise and female director independence have a positive and statistically significant effect on CSRexp. Based on these findings, the study therefore concludes that the presence of females in board has a significant influence on the CSR activities of a firm; however, the number alone might not achieve the desired result without considering the financial, social and environmental knowledge of the female directors; as well as ensuring that they operate in an environment that is devoid of bias and undue pressure that can threaten their independence.
The study therefore recommends that; i. The proportion number of females in the boards of Nigerian DMBs should be increased in line with the proposition of codes of corporate governance of some other countries. This is because having more women in boards will lead to a better performance and improved connection with stakeholders.
ii. Expertise of the female directors should not be limited to their accounting and financial knowledge as posited in _______________________________________________________________________ ________________ Olusola Esther IGBEKOYI, Adesanmi Timothy ADEGBAYIBI and Ayodele Samson ADESINA, Journal of African Research in Business & Technology, DOI: 10.5171/2021.811467 previous studies, but the level of experience and skills acquired on social and environmental issues should also be considered alongside. This will enables companies to harness the full potential of women and enhance their productivity.
iii. Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria still need to ensure that policies are put in place to protect female directors from social, cultural or political factors that can adversely influence the independence of women in the boards.