How Social Inclusion Promotes Sales: An Analysis of the Example of Employing People with Disabilities

Although social inclusion is an important aspect of corporate social responsibility (CSR), it has received little attention in the literature and research on the subject. However, it is increasingly recognized that more attention needs to be paid to this area: When making purchasing decisions, customers are increasingly looking for companies that act (and credibly demonstrate) in a sustainable and socially responsible manner. Customers are more aware of product-related CSR activities than philanthropy or sustainable business initiatives. Therefore, CSR is an interesting marketing instrument that can be used for competitor differentiation. This article aims to analyse how the promotion of social inclusion could affect the turnover of companies, using the example of the employment of people with disabilities (PWD). The research is based on a literature review using deductive content analysis. The results show that social inclusion, as part of the CSR strategy, contributes to sales growth. This aspect is particularly relevant when it comes to services and direct customer contact. The most important point here is that the company reflects the diversity of its existing and potential customers. In this way, new customers can be won, customer loyalty can be promoted or strengthened, and in return, sales can be increased. CSR activities that are used as a marketing tool for differentiation and that do not only pursue the goal of strengthening the company's reputation can achieve sustainable competitive advantage, a higher market share, open new market segments, and ultimately increase sales permanently.

labor market (Kuznetsova, 2012). It is estimated that in each country 10 to 20 percent of the population is affected by disabilities (Collins, 2007). Despite all efforts (e.g., legal provisions, antidiscrimination, equal treatment), PWD continue to be affected by unemployment to an above-average extent (Markel and Barclay, 2009). The PWD segment is a mostly untapped market for products and services (Collins, 2007) as well as an enormous untapped workforce potential (Buys, Matthews and Randall, 2015). The exclusion of disadvantaged groups, like PWD, can be seen from a value chain perspective as a waste of resources on an individual, entrepreneurial, national and global level (Dyda, 2008). Disability is still one of the characteristics that is distinguishing persons and groups from each other, exposing them simultaneously to social, economic, and political exclusion and discrimination (Klimczuk, 2013). A difficult economic environment seems to further undermine and weaken PWD's equal opportunities (Morger, 2006). Therefore, it is not surprising that PWD, with the same professional qualifications as persons without disabilities, have lower career prospects (Lindsay et al., 2018;Berthoud, 2008).
PWD are often completely excluded from the labor market, which simultaneously leads to an exclusion from social life (Barnes and Mercer, 2005). When the condition of employees impacts on their capacity to do their job, employers can help to continue work and contribute significantly to preventing them entering the process of social exclusion (Wynne, 2004) through measures like vocational rehabilitation or disability management. Studies also show that vocational rehabilitation or disability management reduces overall disability rates and health costs (Cullen, Silverstein and Foley, 2008). Alone a positive social response to disability in the workplace reduces the stigma and threat of job loss for the affected significantly (Cullen et al., 2008; Millington et al., 2003).
The employment of disadvantaged groups can minimize social and health costs for society in the long term and secure the professional future of those affected (Miethlich and Slahor, 2018a). For these reasons, from an individual as well as a social point of view, there is a need to create more mainstream jobs for PWD in order to integrate them into society (Csillag and Gyori, 2016).
The employment of socially excluded groups leads to better economic, social, and geographical integration, due to the increased financial possibilities of the affected persons (Werner, 2009). In contrast, exclusion from the labor market often leads to exclusion from social life (Barnes and Mercer, 2005). Social exclusion arises specifically as a consequence of a health impairment constraint that impairs a person's ability to work and simultaneously reduces their income (Wynne and McAnaney, 2004). As a result, participation in society is severely restricted, for economic reasons but also due to a lack of social contacts.
It was proven by various western countries that legislation alone is insufficient for promoting the employment of PWD. Companies rarely implement legal directives and guidelines and do not claim government support, probably due to inexperience (Wiggett-Barnard and Swartz, 2012; Vilchinsky and Findler, 2004). Promoting employment and inclusion of PWD should be an integral part of a company's social engagement (Monachino and Moreiram, 2014;Markel and Barclay, 2009). Therefore, it is an important social responsibility which needs to be addressed through corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies (Kuznetsova, 2012). Some companies operate sheltered work centers or other separate employment opportunities for PWD or regularly place orders in sheltered work centers to promote the employment of PWD (Segovia-San-Juan, Saavedra and Fernández-de-Tejada, 2017). The idea of promoting social inclusion through CSR is largely absent in the literature, and there is only little empirical research on the concept and practice of CSR regarding social inclusion (Bennett, 2011). Also, the employment of PWD has so far received only little attention in the literature on CSR (Csillag, Gyori and Although there is a growing interest of a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of CSR initiatives in the past two decades (Wang et al., 2016), there is only little reference in the literature on the implementation and adaptation of the employment of PWD as a CSR initiative. In business practice, the employment of PWD hardly seems to be a topic (Csillag et al., 2018). However, in the literature, various indications that PWD employment has a positive impact on business success can be found (Lindsay et al., 2018).
CSR enables product differentiation (Boehe and Cruz, 2010). However, customers have a preference and greater awareness for product-related CSR activities than for philanthropy or a company's sustainability program (Peloza and Shang, 2011). Accordingly, high-profile CSR initiatives can make a greater contribution to sales than the integration of CSR in all business processes (Bergius, 2005). This leads to the conclusion that the social inclusion or employment of PWD as a non-product CSR activity can make none or only a small contribution to increasing sales. The aim of this article is to analyse how the promotion of social inclusion through the employment of PWD, addressed as part of the CSR strategy, could impact directly or indirectly on a company's sales figures. The perspective of this study is on the voluntary commitment of companies, with the aim of a socially acceptable generation of profits. The research is based on secondary literature on the employment of PWD in companies, social inclusion, and disability in CSR.

Methods
The aim of this study is to analyse the representative literature regarding the impact on company sales by promoting social inclusion, using PWD employment as an example, as part of the CSR strategy. The expected results are indications of whether social inclusion affects sales and identify approaches on how this commitment could be implemented in the value creation strategy. The research was conducted by searching the scientific databases: Web of Science and Scopus for published literature since 2000 in the subject areas of business, economics, and management using the following keywords: social inclusion, disability, disability management, and employment of persons with disabilities. Additionally, the reference lists of all previously selected articles were checked to find further studies. The titles, abstracts, and keywords of papers were scanned to identify papers related to CSR, social inclusion, and employment of PWD. For the in-depth analysis, English articles published in peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings or books describing the business management aspects of the topic were selected. The selected literature was evaluated regarding the impact of the employment of PWD on business sales using a deductive content analysis (Mayring, 2015). The coding was carried out according to the following categories: CSR, innovation, customers, marketing, and sales.

CSR in business practice
The activities of a company have a direct and indirect economic, ecological, and social impact on all those associated with the company. In the modern world economy, assuming appropriate social responsibility is a social necessity (Marsden and Andriof, 1998). In addition, the public increasingly expects companies to incur social responsibilities. Therefore, the question for companies today is no longer whether CSR activities should take place, but rather how they should be carried out (Smith, 2003). Accordingly, CSR has also gained importance in management research (Schneider, 2015;Lee, 2008 However, the literature also shows that the definition and concept of CSR has gradually changed over time from an altruistic to a self-interested or strategic understanding (Perera and Hewege, 2007).
In this analysis, CSR is understood as the voluntary commitment of companies that goes beyond the legal requirements with the aim of generating profits in an ecologically, economically, and socially acceptable manner. As such, CSR is not an additional activity of a company, but a way of operating the core business (Bergius, 2005). The central question is not how profits are distributed, but how they are generated (Leitschuh, 2008). CSR can therefore also be understood as a business process (Maignan and Ferrell, 2004) that is integrated into strategic corporate management. This is intended to enable the company to adapt quickly to changing social conditions, simultaneously securing access to capital, driving forward new markets and thus enabling new growth opportunities (EC, 2011).  (Miller and Ahrens, 1993). However, the resource-based perspective can be used to show that CSR can lead to a competitive advantage (Branco and Rodrigues, 2006).

Maintaining
the comprehensive functionality of the market is part of sustainable corporate management as it forms the basis of all business activities (Elkington, 2007;Porter and Kramer, 2006). The "shared value" approach offers an explanation of how sustainable corporate management or CSR can make a contribution to corporate success and realize competitive advantages. This is assuming that CSR activities can create shared added value for companies and society and, as a result, increase prosperity. Companies that commit themselves can generate an actual "shared value" since the prosperity of a society is increased which will benefit the company in return (Porter and Kramer, 2006).
In business practice, managers have recognized that a socially responsible reputation has a positive influence on business success (Matten and Crane, 2007). Simultaneously, CSR offers a way of differentiation, especially by the possibility of achieving an important, unique, and superior position in the market with a brand (Anselmsson and Johansson, 2007). Consequently, this leads to a strong brand and thus also makes a significant contribution to the company's success (Anselmsson, Bondesson and Melin, 2016).

CSR as a marketing instrument
To generate benefits from CSR activities awareness must be created among stakeholders generally and customers specifically (Sen, Bhattacharya and Korschun, 2006). However, some CSR activities can also create value or benefit for the company without the perception of stakeholders. Investments in CSR seem to be worthwhile even if the initial costs of implementation are greater than the resulting profits (Boehe and Cruz, 2010). CSR activities can bring competitive advantages if they succeed in increasing or creating a new customer benefit. Therefore, it is important that management understands how CSR activities affect customers in terms of their overall impression of the company and the benefits that CSR activities bring (Chen et  Attributes of a product (i.e., labeling of content and origin, policy implementation, and product liability) form the basis for customers' purchasing decisions, more than aspects of human or environmental responsibility (Anselmsson and Johansson, 2007). Hence, the probability that a customer will become aware of a company's CSR activities is highest for product-related CSR activities (Du, Bhattacharya and Sen, 2007). Therefore, product-related CSR activities have the greatest impact on a company's CSR image. On the other hand, social or people-related responsibility has the greatest influence on customers' buying intentions. Environmental responsibility appears to have the least impact on the CSR image and the least impact on customers' purchasing intentions (Anselmsson and Johansson, 2007).
Human and work-related responsibilities are both dimensions that have the most impact on the overall perceived CSR of the brand. Therefore, this would be the dimensions to prioritize for any brand that wants to achieve a more elaborated CSR image (Anselmsson and Johansson, 2007). The perceived work-related responsibilities are not primarily related to news headlines of bad Human Resource Management (HRM) "practices" among suppliers (e.g., child labor or poor working conditions). In the customer's perception, the treatment of the service employees, to whom they have personal contact, is essential (Anselmsson et al., 2016). Accordingly, HRM and employees also play a role in brand building. A good HRM image can strengthen a brand. Therefore, companies should treat the HRM and employer image, analog to the product and price image. The perception of a company's customers as employers is closely linked to their loyalty and willingness to pay an extra price. Brands with a good HRM image have stronger customer loyalty and attract customers who are willing to pay a premium price. However, the social responsibility dimension in hiring and developing employees is a very important part of a good HRM image (Anselmsson et al., 2016).
Companies can improve their CSR image specifically by placing social responsibility at the center of their value creation strategy (Chen et al., 2018). Studies show, that when a brand presents itself as a CSR-brand, customers are much more aware of CSR activities than they are of a brand that only engages in CSR activities without communicating it as part of the brand (Du et al., 2007). In addition, high-profile CSR initiatives seem to be able to make a more significant contribution to corporate success than, for example, the consistent integration of CSR in all business processes (Bergius, 2005). Nevertheless, CSR activities with high publicity impact achieve positive effects of comparatively short duration. Whereas, the consistent integration of CSR in the value chain brings long-term benefits (Chen et al., 2018) and can secure the existence of a company due to its attitude and credibility even in price-sensitive and highly competitive markets (Gyori and Ocsai, 2014). The positive perception and credibility of a company's social responsibility lead to an overall higher probability of purchase as well as longerterm loyalty and advocacy among customers (Du et al., 2007).
The compatibility of CSR and competition strategies can be guaranteed (Baumgartner and Ebner, 2010). This is based on the competitive strategies according to Porter (2008) and the classification of CSR strategies, which are divided into conservative, visionary, introverted, and extroverted strategies (Baumgartner and Ebner, 2010). The generic strategic principles for achieving a competitive advantage are divided into three fundamental types: the strategy of cost leadership, the strategy of differentiation and the strategy of focus (Porter, 2008). In economics literature, these are generally used under the term competitive strategies, since their aim is to achieve and secure a lasting competitive advantage (Kerth, Asum and Stich, 2015). However, a competitive advantage can only be achieved if entrepreneurial action is based on focusing on one of the two main strategic directions: either on a cost structure that is as favorable as possible or on differentiation. These two strategic options are also known as generic competitive strategies (Porter, 2008). The strategy of focus concentrates on a submarket with a target group that has a specific needs structure (Bea and Haas 2016). Differentiation strategies can be categorized into six systematic methods through which a company can gain a competitive advantage over its competitors. These include the possibilities of differentiating oneself from competitors through price leadership, design, image, quality leadership, additional services and through an undifferentiated strategy (e.g. the pursuit of an imitation strategy) (Mintzberg et al., 2003).
According to Porter (2008) the generic competitive strategic approaches "cost leadership" and "differentiation" are valid throughout a whole industry, while the strategic approach of "focus" is only specific to the respective segment (Porter, 2008). The definition of the market to be served is therefore based on the respective industry or on focusing on a niche (Kerth et al., 2015). A clear understanding of the needs of customers and the market is a prerequisite for achieving competitive advantages. Only if customer needs are met effectively, costefficient, and better than those of competitors a real competitive advantage can be created (Papulova and Papulova, 2006). The quality of the relationships between CSR and competitive strategies is determined to a large extent by two factors: the benefits for stakeholders and the costs incurred by the company. Studies show that the connection between CSR and competitive strategies is also compatible with business practice. For example, a holistic strategy, that focuses on sustainability aspects in all business activities, can bring a competitive advantage through differentiation and innovation. That offers stakeholders, and specifically customers, a unique value proposition (Baumgartner and Ebner, 2010).

Employment of PWD as part of the CSR strategy
The difficulties that PWD have in the labor market and the failure of government measures to promote the employment of PWD indicate the need to address this issue as part of the CSR strategy of companies (Miethlich and Slahor, 2018b; Kuznetsova, 2012). The promotion of employment and social inclusion of PWD can therefore also be seen as a central component of a company's social commitment to its employees and society (Kuznetsova and Yalcin, 2017; Monachino and Moreiram, 2014; Markel and Barclay, 2009). In their CSR strategies, companies must explicitly formulate how and in what form this concern is addressed. Only in this way a CSR initiative can be successfully implemented. Simultaneously, it is important to communicate and make the commitment and its positive benefits visible within the company and to the outside world (Miethlich and Slahor, 2018b). Nevertheless, the employment of PWD is still rarely part of the CSR strategy in business practice (Csillag and Gyori, 2016). Furthermore, a clear commitment to the employment of PWD is not enough, even in the context of a diverse corporate culture. It is essential for the employment of PWD to reduce physical and mental barriers within the company (Miethlich and Slahor, 2018b). The promotion of PWD employment serves as an added value for a company's social responsibility program. On the one hand, the commitment serves society and the company is regarded as a good "corporate citizen". On the other hand, it creates a positive image and makes disabilityfriendly values explicit in the workplace (Millington et al., 2003).

Results
The results of the deductive summary content analysis of the selected secondary data are described below according to the coded categories: CSR, Innovation, Customers, Marketing and Sales. CSR: The inclusion of PWD is an important component of CSR (Kuznetsova and Yalcin, 2017). Employment of PWD promotes social inclusion, diversity, and equal opportunities as well as an inclusive corporate culture (Csillag and Gyori, 2016; Aytac et al., 2012;Bennett, 2011). Social inclusion as part of the CSR strategy represents a win-win situation for all stakeholders (Aytac et al., 2012). It also serves the social education of the society regarding the abilities of PWD (Manaf et al., 2018). Additionally, employment of PWD is an indication of a good corporate culture (Schur et al., 2009). The promotion of PWD employment serves as an added value for a company's social responsibility program (Millington et al., 2003), minimizes social and health costs for society in the long term and secures the professional future of those affected.
Companies that commit themselves can generate an actual "shared value" since the prosperity of the society is increased which will benefit the company in return (Miethlich and (Rosenbaum et al., 2017), the customer base of PWD is also promoted (Kuznetsova, 2012). Companies should respond to the needs of customers with disabilities too, as they may need specially designed products and services to be able to benefit from the offer (Sandler and Blanck, 2005;Miethlich, 2018), as well as through high accessibility standards of the companies' buildings and facilities (Kuznetsova and Bento, 2018). The prerequisite for this is to develop increased awareness for the needs and expectations of disabled customers (Lindsay et al., 2018;Miethlich, 2018;Gröschl, 2004). Specifically, the resulting sensitivity to disability allows companies to develop products and services for PWD (Lindsay et  understanding to the company (ODEP, 2009). Therefore, PWD offers companies the opportunity to renew not only their products but also their structures, processes, management style, and corporate culture, specifically by using new information and communication technology (Migliaccio, 2016). Several studies show that the employment of PWD leads to an increase in creativity (Gröschl . Specifically, more research is needed around guests' attitudes in the hospitality and tourism industry as there is face-to-face communication with employees and the success of the business is highly correlated with the excellence of the service provided. (Kalargyrou, 2014). Guests with disabilities specifically chose business because of the barrier-free environment and the accommodating facilities and because their disabilities are not emphasized by the employees. The barrier-free environment is also appreciated by families with small kids or seniors. (Gröschl, 2013). Concerns regarding PWD and customer contact exist specifically in the high price and luxury segments (Gröschl, 2004). However, generally, the physical attributes of PWD do not negatively influence the experiences of guests (Gröschl, 2013). Online customer reviews of restaurants that employ PWD as "front line employees" are generally favorable and positive. Therefore, employees with disabilities seem to make a significant positive contribution to the perception of service quality. PWD as front line employees can even act as a buffer for service errors and negative customer ratings. However, the disability must be visible or perceptible so that the corresponding reactions are provoked among the customers. (Rosenbaum et al., 2017). Generally, customers are satisfied with the services they receive from people with disabilities (Lindsay et al., 2018). Some clients appreciate and search for the opportunity to meet persons with disabilities (Gröschl, 2013).
Marketing: It is important to communicate the commitment towards the employment of PWD and make its positive benefits visible within the company as well as for the outside world (Miethlich and Slahor, 2018b). This allows benefiting from the advantages that result from its reputation as a good "corporate citizen" or socially responsible company (Miethlich and Slahor, 2018a), like creating a stronger corporate brand (Csillag and Gyori, 2016). Additionally, it leads to strengthening value drivers such as the development of a differentiated reputation with key stakeholders and customers (Kuznetsova, 2012;Gröschl, 2005). Not to forget that PWD can play any stakeholder role: capitalists, lenders, investors, customers/users, suppliers, opinion makers, employees or business operatives (Migliaccio, 2016).

Conclusion
This study aimed to analyse the impact on company sales by promoting social inclusion, using PWD employment as an example, as part of the CSR strategy. The perspective of this study was on the voluntary commitment of companies, with the aim of a socially acceptable generation of profits.
The analysis of the state of research shows that the promotion of social inclusion can bring various advantages and promote sales directly and indirectly. A direct positive influence can be observed in the service sector or in direct customer contact through the perception of service quality by customers. The reflection in the company of the diversity of society and customers makes a significant contribution to the acquisition and long-term retention of customers and the development of new customer segments. Indirect factors drive sales through more innovation. The diversity of the employees and the resulting sensitization make it easier to respond to customer needs. New or adapted products and services can open new market segments. Social inclusion offers the interesting opportunity to make the values of a company visible and thus makes a significant contribution to the creation of a strong brand and promotes the reputation ________________________________________________________________________________ as a socially responsible company. If social inclusion, such as the employment of PWD, is not only understood as an image promotion, but the full potential is used, this can create competitive advantages, such as the creation of value. In consequence, this can lead to more sales and profitability. Social inclusion can be an important tool for differentiation, although customers respond most strongly to product-related CSR activities. If it is possible to make the commitment visible, this can be a central element of a strategy for market entry, even in supersaturated markets, for maintaining and gaining market share or for creating new market entry barriers.
Based on the knowledge gained, the following conclusions can be drawn: As employees and customers, PWD offer significant potential for business success, which to date has been largely untapped by companies. Strategy development at the normative level (core strategy) can help to close this potential gap, thus increasing business success and meeting the growing public expectation to take on social tasks. A positive side effect of CSR activities is the added value that can be achieved by society and companies because of increasing prosperity ("shared value"). Accordingly, CSR is to be regarded as a suitable instrument for product differentiation, enabling access to new markets and creating market entry barriers in the area of social factors. However, it is important that CSR is seen as a fundamental strategic thrust and not merely as an additional activity within the company. CSR can lead to a competitive advantage that is unique and above all sustainable.