@article{ahmad2022jurisdiction,
  title = {Jurisdiction Issues in Cyberspace:  An Overview in Respect of Brunei and Malaysia Compared to The United States’ System},
  author = {Nehaluddin AHMAD and Norulaziemah ZULKIFFLE},
  year = 2022,
  url = {https://ibimapublishing.com/articles/JSAR/2022/384427/},
  journal = {Journal of Southeast Asian Research},
  volume = 2022,
  pages = 12,
  doi = 10.5171/2022.384427,
  abstract = {Cyberspace is a borderless world. It refuses to accord geopolitical boundaries. This means that cyberspace has no physical boundaries and limitations. Despite the benefits it offers, it places a unique challenge for states mainly on the issue of jurisdiction and sovereignty. This article aims to discuss a comparative study of how the United States, Brunei and Malaysia, tackle the issue of jurisdiction and sovereignty in the borderless world of the Internet. The United States addresses specific requirements such as the minimum contacts test, reasonable anticipations, and the effects that have to be met in dealing with the issue of jurisdiction in cyberspace. However, Brunei and Malaysia have different approaches as compared to these. These countries exercise that the location of the data and the accused at the time of the act are adequate to establish jurisdiction. It finds that the national law of Brunei and Malaysia is still insufficient to protect their cybersecurity compared to the United States which has a wider jurisdiction over the defendant than other states with certain requirements.},
  keywords = {Sovereignty, Jurisdiction; Internet},
  note = Article ID: 384427
}