@article{zielinski2025risk,
  title = {Risk Education in the Contemporary  World of Threats: A Literature Review},
  author = {Krzysztof R. ZIELINSKI},
  year = 2025,
  url = {https://ibimapublishing.com/articles/JELHE/2025/537889/},
  journal = {Journal of e-Learning and Higher Education},
  volume = 2025,
  pages = 9,
  doi = 10.5171/2025.537889,
  abstract = {This study explores the increasing significance of risk education in the context of the complex, unpredictable, and interconnected threats of the 21st century. The motivation for this research arises from the growing inadequacy of traditional safety education models, which emphasize reactive procedures rather than proactive, reflective competencies. A critical gap in the existing literature is the limited integration of risk as a multidimensional concept – encompassing cognitive, emotional, cultural, and systemic aspects—within educational systems at all levels.
To address this gap, the paper employs a qualitative literature review methodology, analyzing key theoretical contributions by Beck, Slovic, Douglas, Arnoldi, Kolb, and others. The study maps the evolution of risk as a social and interpretive category and identifies the pedagogical implications for contemporary education. It outlines various types of modern threats—natural, technological, social, informational, and geopolitical—and demonstrates their cascading and hybrid nature, requiring interdisciplinary and experiential approaches to teaching.
The findings emphasize the necessity of embedding risk education into school curricula, teacher training, and lifelong learning strategies. Key educational models are reviewed, including cognitive, behavioral, constructivist, transformative, and experiential frameworks. The study argues for a systemic and participatory orientation in pedagogy, supporting critical thinking, adaptive decision-making, and civic resilience. By framing risk education as a foundational element of contemporary civic and security education, the paper contributes to conceptual development in the field and offers directions for future empirical research and policy implementation.
 },
  keywords = {risk education, contemporary threats, safety culture, social competencies, resilience education, transformative learning},
  note = Article ID: 537889
}