@article{holak2026optical,
  title = {Optical Design of a Camera Lens for a Nanosatellite  Supporting Commercial Earth Remote Sensing},
  author = {Krzysztof Holak and Hubert Adamczyk and Daria Kawka and Piotr Paruch},
  year = 2026,
  url = {https://ibimapublishing.com/articles/CIBIMA/2026/946491/},
  journal = {Communications of the IBIMA},
  volume = 2026,
  pages = 10,
  doi = doi.org/10.5171/2026.946491,
  abstract = {The increasing deployment of nanosatellite platforms for Earth observation creates a demand for optical instruments that combine compact form factors, low weight, and high imaging capability in harsh space environments. Previous work has largely concentrated on system integration and sensor hardware, resulting in limited guidance on the end-to-end design and qualification of photographic lenses for nanosatellites. This paper fills that gap by detailing the full optical and mechanical development workflow of a catadioptric lens intended for nanosatellite remote sensing. The optical configuration was modeled in Code V to establish essential characteristics such as focal length, f-number, and diffraction-limited resolution. A laboratory demonstrator was then manufactured and subjected to an extensive qualification program that included modulation transfer function (MTF) measurements using Imatest Master, high-temperature exposure, ultra-high-vacuum assessment, and vibration survivability testing. Following qualification, the system was integrated with the Światowid nanosatellite and launched on the Cygnus NG-11 mission to verify performance in orbit. Results from ground testing and in-flight operation confirmed stable focus, structural robustness, and imaging quality consistent with target specifications. The prototype delivered an MTF50 value of about 860 LW/PH, in line with simulation outcomes. These findings confirm that lightweight catadioptric optics can deliver thermally stable, high-resolution imagery suitable for nanosatellite Earth-observation missions and provide a validated framework for future optical payload development.},
  keywords = {nanosatellite optics, optical systems design, remote sensing technology.},
  note = Article ID: 946491
}