@article{menchari2016herbicides,
  title = {Herbicides Use in Wheat Crop in Tunisia: Trends, Variability and Relation with Weed Resistance Development},
  author = {Yosra Menchari and Mohamed Annabi and Haithem Bahri and Kawther Latiri},
  year = 2016,
  url = {https://ibimapublishing.com/articles/AGRI/2016/990377/},
  journal = {Research in Agriculture and Agronomy},
  volume = (2016),
  pages = 10,
  doi = 10.5171/2016.990377,
  abstract = {In this study, we investigated the situation of herbicide use in wheat in Northern Tunisia and its relation with the development of resistant weed populations. It is based on a synthesis of available data concerning Tunisian imported herbicide quantities, treated wheat areas and herbicides used by farms surveyed in Northern Tunisia and their correlation with rainfall and yields. Herbicide-treated areas were classified into two categories: the areas treated with the 2,4-D herbicides and the areas treated with graminicides and large spectrum herbicides. The first herbicides used in the 70s are the anti-broadleaf herbicides (2,4-D). Since the 80s, graminicides and large spectrum herbicides began to be more and more used for grass weed control. In 2008/2009, graminicide-treated areas represent above twice those treated with 2,4D. However, year-to-year fluctuations are observed and seem to be correlated to autumn rainfall.However, the variety of commercial herbicides corresponds to a small number of molecules and particularly modes of action. A survey conducted in northern Tunisia showed that the majority of herbicides used by farmers for weed control in wheat belong to ALS and ACCase inhibiting herbicides. Consequently, problems of resistant weed populations (e.g. rye grass) have already been observed and intensive use of the molecules used today can only be a short-term solution. A rational management of these molecules is essential to maintain their effectiveness as long as possible.},
  keywords = {Graminicides, 2,4D, yield, rainfall.},
  note = Article ID: 990377
}