Digital and eHealth Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence: A Scoping Review of 74 Studies with Attention to Psychological Abuse and Outpatient Mental Health Care

Intimate partner violence affects about one in three women, and psychological abuse lies at the core of most abusive relationships. Many survivors avoid specialist services, so digital and information and communication technologies are increasingly proposed to widen access to support. Their scope and their fit with routine mental health care remain poorly mapped, and psychological abuse is rarely treated as a distinct outcome. This scoping review addresses that gap. It asks which digital and eHealth interventions exist for intimate partner violence, how far they engage psychological abuse, and how relevant they are to outpatient mental health care. Following the framework of Arksey and O’Malley and PRISMA-ScR guidance, we searched PubMed and Scopus for English sources published between 2015 and 2025. Records were screened by title, abstract and full text. We charted source type, digital modality, abuse focus and reported outcomes, without risk-of-bias appraisal. Seventy-four sources met the criteria, including randomised trials, study protocols and evidence syntheses. Interventions spanned safety apps, eHealth websites, telehealth, chatbots, screening tools, education and perpetrator programmes. Psychological abuse was named in most readable sources but was seldom measured on its own. Reported effects on violence were small, while depression and anxiety improved more often. Almost none of the studies were based in psychiatric settings. The field is active but uneven. Distinct measurement of psychological abuse and integration into outpatient mental health pathways emerge as clear priorities.