Industry 5.0 is increasingly understood as a human-centric, resilient, and sustainable extension of digital industrial transformation, yet empirical evidence on its implementation at firm level remains limited. Existing studies have relied largely on conceptual discussion or expert-based prioritisation techniques, while the structural relationships among implementation…

We study the effects of batch normalization and spatial dropout on the performance of VGG-11, Network in Network, and GoogLeNet architectures. We incorporate these regularization techniques into each model and evaluate their impact on classification accuracy and average loss. Experimental results show that spatial dropout…

Greenwashing refers to deceptive green marketing strategies used by companies and organizations to enhance their competitive edge and generate higher profits by appealing to environmentally conscious consumers. This practice arises when the actions of these entities do not align with the claims they make regarding…

The aim of this article is to characterise the market for green bonds (GBs) issued by Polish companies and to highlight the key features of this segment in comparison with traditional debt financing. The analysis is exploratory in nature and is based on publicly available…

The Solidarity Fund is one of  40 goal-oriented external budgetary funds within Polish public finance system  and one of  several established to provide support for people with disabilities During its first few years of operation, obligations were imposed on it for political rather than solidarity-related…

This article addresses the issues surrounding the transformation of the contemporary labour market in Poland, with a particular focus on the development and diversification of flexible forms of employment. The aim of this study is to analyze this phenomenon and evaluate the extent to which…